AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Pipeline Integrity - Onshore Pipelines vs Offshore Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20784-SG

Author: Helene Sirnes; Pernille Nordmoen Kildahl

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Transport Net is a high-level competence center for Pipeline Operation and Integrity in Equinor. An extensive network of pipelines is installed in the North Sea and approximately 10 000 km of pipelines are continuously monitored. This includes integrity evaluations, as well as repair and maintenance activities and are performed on behalf of several internal operational departments and licenses, in addition to an external operator. The transported fluids are multiphase, dense gas, sales gas, condensate, oil, chemicals, and CO2. The pipeline portfolio consists of rigid pipelines in mainly carbon steel grades X65 and X70, with some exceptions for newer pipelines being cladded or lined with Inconel. This paper will discuss our Risk Based Inspection (RBI) philosophy, internal and external inspection intervals, how pipeline barrier management is applied in operation, and the requirements and tools used to ensure pipeline integrity with no loss of containment. A case showing differences and similarities between onshore pipelines and offshore pipelines will be used.

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Pipeline Lamination Assessment

Product Number: MECC23-20025-SG

Author: Ayman S. Janbi; Husain M. Muslim

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Laminations are manufacturing defects that result because of presence of inclusions or air during pipeline plate making. They might present a challenge in identification during ILI inspection as magnetic flux does not identify lamination because it does not have metal loss. Ultrasonic on the other hand can detect lamination, but it does not differentiate from a metal loss.

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Pitfalls in the Typical RBI Methodology for CUI Management Programs

Product Number: 51324-20894-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Joel Chapman; Touqeer Sohail; Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari; Graham Brigham

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Modern-day risk-based inspection (RBI) platforms are designed to evaluate the safety and/or financial risk of assets using industry-recommended RBI methodologies (e.g., API 581). There are cases where the RBI methodology does not represent the true risk profile of the asset, despite implementing the best possible inspection programs and careful input of inspection data. One of the main pitfalls present is the inherent limitation in the risk calculation methodologies that makes no or little use of the inspection data. An example of such a situation is the CUI risk assessments that are subjected to uncertainties due to numerous scientific parameters that are partially addressed (or even unaddressed) in modern-day RBI approaches. This work addresses two case studies of external corrosion rates due to CUI for two pairs of test rigs made with small bore piping deployed with two different insulation designs, namely conventional design, and moisture egress design. The assemblies were tested using two different methods for CUI simulation and testing conditions. The first pair was tested per ASTM G189-07 under isothermal wet-dry conditions at 100 °C (212°F) for three days, while the second pair was submerged under water for two days followed by outdoor exposure for one year. The experimentally determined corrosion rates were compared to those calculated using API 581-compliant RBI software. The comparisons of resulting corrosion rates are complemented by an explanation of the deviations and pitfalls.

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Pitting And Crevice Corrosion Resistance Of A Direct Metal Laser Sintered (DMLS) 316L Stainless Steel In Artificial Seawater

Product Number: 51321-17006-SG

Author: Claudia Prieto; Marc Singer; David Young

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Pitting Corrosion Damage Characterization of Stainless Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams

Product Number: 51324-21108-SG

Author: Wesley Vitor Dantas de Carvalho Bezerra; Christopher Lewis Alexander

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

At early stages, reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride ions are prone to pitting corrosion. In carbon steel reinforcement, pitting is expected to quickly transition into widespread corrosion damage. However, for stainless steels, a higher resistance to lateral corrosion spread is present. As the accumulation of corrosion products in the steel-concrete interface (SCI) can lead to concrete cover cracking, studying the corrosion damage on stainless steel reinforced concrete is of importance. This work focuses on characterizing pitting corrosion damage data on laboratory exposed (non-electrically polarized) stainless steel (SS410) reinforced concrete beams with different damage degrees to concrete cover. For that, digital microscopy, and 3D profilometry were used to characterize corrosion damage, and chloride titrations were used to determine the chloride concentrations at the SCI. Possible pit repassivation mechanisms that includes corrosion products are discussed. This data can then be incorporated in the development of more accurate pitting corrosion and corrosion-induced concrete cover cracking models.

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Pitting Corrosion Detection by Ultrasound Monitoring

Product Number: 51324-20810-SG

Author: Magnus Wangensteen; Ali Fatemi; Tonni Franke Johansen; Erlend Magnus Viggen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Early diagnosis is essential for successful mitigation of pitting corrosion, a localized form of corrosion that causes cavities and structural failure in metallic materials. Although ultrasonic inspection techniques are effective in detecting uniform wall thinning, they have challenges in accurately identifying pitting corrosion. The present work proposes a technique for early-stage pitting detection utilizing time-lapse pulse-echo signals. The generation of two-dimensional time-lapse images of ultrasonic reflectivity may be achieved by capturing several ultrasonic traces over a period of time. These images can then serve as input for a neural network trained specifically for the purpose of pitting diagnostics. To obtain a substantial training dataset required for training the machine learning model, a drilling experiment was conducted, and random time-ordered combinations of the pulse-echo measurements produced the time-lapse images. A classification neural network was trained to detect the presence of pits, while a separate regression network was trained to estimate the pit depth. Test data from a previously unseen transducer indicates that the pit depth estimations exhibit a mean absolute error of less than 0.2 mm. All pits are reliably identified when they exceed the defined pitting threshold of 0.5 mm by a depth of 0.1 mm.

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Pitting Corrosion Resistance Of UNS S32202 Welds: Bulk Microstructure Vs Surface Behaviour

Product Number: 51322-17913-SG

Author: Veronica SCHEIBER, Pauline HUGUENIN, Jérôme BRIDEL, Florent KRAJCARZ, Vincent VIGNAL

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are an attractive alternative to conventional austenitic 300 series. They are becoming more and more present in industrial applications requiring high mechanical properties combined with good corrosion resistance. UNS S32202 is a lean duplex grade designed to guarantee corrosion resistance superior to that of 304L in most environments and even equivalent to 316L in NaCl environment at room temperature. Its yield strength is twice as high as 304L and 316L allowing thickness and weight reduction in structural components. With low nickel content (2.5%) and no molybdenum addition, the impact of raw material price fluctuation is reduced. It makes UNS S32202 suitable for a high number of applications including public transportation, building & construction, watersystems, liquid storage and pulp&paper industry.

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Polymer Architecture Effect On Zinc Ions Stabilization In Aqueous Systems

Product Number: 51322-17727-SG

Author: Zahid Amjad, Peter G. Koutsoukos, Panagiota D. Natsi

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Fouling of equipment surface by unwanted materials is a well-documented problem in
industrial water systems.1 The foulants are generally classified into four categories: a)
mineral scales i.e., calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, magnesium
hydroxide, etc., b) corrosion products i.e., iron oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, etc., c)
microbiological mass i.e., bacteria, algae, fungi, and other organisms, and d) deposits
i.e., clay, silt, calcium-inhibitor salts, corrosion products, etc.

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Polymer Degradation In Industrial Services

Product Number: 51323-18870-SG

Author: Ana Benz, Matthew Bell

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Once polymers are used reliably in a specific service, they become the material of choice due to their cost effectiveness. However, to choose and apply polymers dependably, one must consider their unique properties – they are different from the metals we use industrially. Through various examples of damaged and failed parts, this paper illustrates fundamental information about choosing, using, and keeping polymers in service. Polymers are subject to permeation, oxidation, aging, fatigue, installation damage, and other damage.

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Polymeric Silica Scale Inhibitors: Computational Predictions And Experimental Studies On Inhibitor Efficiencies

Product Number: 51322-17706-SG

Author: Efstratios Korhatzis, Konstantinos Xanthopoulos, Konstantinos D. Demadis

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Inorganic scaling and fouling are undesirable processes occurring in process waters that are supersaturated with respect to scaling cations and anions. Mineral scaling is the result of nucleation and crystal growth phenomena that follow predictable pathways. This is because the mineral scales are composed of well-defined crystalline salts, the most common being calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate dehydrate (gypsum), metal sulfides, depending on the particular water chemistry and operational parameters (eg. temperature).

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Polythionc Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking On Proprietary UNS S34751 Similar Welded Joint

Product Number: 51321-16778-SG

Author: Takahiro Osuki; Kazuhiro Ogwa; Yuhei Suzuki; Shinnosuke Kurihara; Akiraz Seki; Masaki Ueyama

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Post Weld Heat Treatment of Oilfield 13Cr Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51324-20919-SG

Author: Krishna Chimbli

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Type 13Cr martensitic stainless steels are widely used for threaded and coupled oilfield casing and tubing because of their resistance to corrosion by dissolved carbon dioxide and their cost advantage over most other corrosion-resistant alloys. However, 13Cr used for welded downhole components requires careful planning. Their high hardenability creates a hard heat-affected zone microstructure, which must be tempered by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) to recover the alloy’s limited resistance to sulfide stress cracking. At the same time, the relatively high strength of downhole 13Cr stainless steel grades (80 to 110 ksi specified minimum yield strength) requires tempering temperatures that limit the maximum PWHT temperature that can be applied without compromising the material’s strength. This publication presents welding procedure qualification of 13Cr grades and experimental work performed to determine how PWHT affects the yield strength of 13Cr grades. Methods are described for establishing a suitable PWHT time and temperature for these alloys.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance