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During operation of DC rail transit systems, DC current will follow the path of least resistance when returning to the Traction Power Substations (TPSS) to complete the electrical circuit. If the track-to-earth resistance (resistance between the train rails and surrounding soil) is not sufficient, current can leak off the LRT track system into the surrounding soil. Metallic facilities such as pipelines in the soil offer lower resistance paths for the current while returning to the TPSS.
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Hydrogen gas is called to play a key role in the energy transition and initiatives needed for adecarbonization of the economy. Initially, assets for energy storage and transport were developed and qualified for the purpose of the oil and gas industry, especially natural gas. Repurposing of existing assets for the use of hydrogen gas, or creation of new dedicated hydrogen transport and storage infrastructure, is a great challenge for future hydrogen projects. It includes the qualification of steel materials underhydrogen gas environment.
Accelerated testing of corrosion-resistant coatings is a critical tool used in the development of protective coatings. Tests such as ASTM B117, ISO 12944, ISO 9227, etc. are commonly used to predict the long-term viability of these coatings in exposure times of months rather than years or even decades. While this type of testing gives meaningful results and is essential to the research and development of new technology, results can often be hard to accurately analyze due to the levels of variability inherent to accelerated testing.
Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs in the Santos Basin are a challenge for offshore well design andconstruction. Located under a salt layer of around 2000 m, they generate large amounts of carbon dioxide associated with oil and gas production. To avoid releasing millions of cubic meters of CO2 into the atmosphere, the gas is reinjected or used for artificial lift purposes, where its fraction can reach up to 80% of the total composition.
Organic coatings protect the underlying metallic substrate against corrosion by acting as a barrier to corrosive species such as water, ions, and oxygen. Unfortunately, coatings might contain defects and could degrade or disbond under some environmental conditions, resulting in favorable pathways for such corrosive species.
Barrier protection is one of the modes by which intact coatings provide protection to metal substrates through a reduction of the transport of materials, ions, or charge.
A decarbonized energy system is underway worldwide. The Paris Agreement goal is to keep global warming “below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to pursue effort to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.” To achieve this long-term temperature goal, big changes are needed in the ways energy is produced, distributed and storage.
Acidizing process is generally performed on wells to maximize their initial productivity and on aging wells to restore productivity and maximize the recovery of the energy resources. The process involves pumping acid into a wellbore or geologic formation that is capable of producing oil and/or gas. Well acidizing is accomplished by pumping acid into the well to dissolve limestone, dolomite and calcite cement between the sediment grains of the reservoir rocks.
The use of Damage Mechanisms (DM’s) has been successfully developed and applied in the Oil Refiningindustry for over 20 years. A damage mechanism is a specific combination of mechanical, chemical,physical, or other processes that result in equipment degradation (piping or equipment) during operation(active or shut down). These have been defined for Oil Refining (API RP 5711). API RP 571 issupplemented with some similar and some specific individual damage mechanism, by technical reports, recommended practices, publications, and bulletins from API, as well as from the National Association ofCorrosion Engineers (NACE - now known as the Association for Materials Protection and Performanceor AMPP), and the Welding Research Council (WRC).
Scale formation is one of the flow assurance problems encountered in the oil and gas industry. It can deposit from reservoir, downhole tubing to topside facilities. Once formed, it could have a significant impact on production, including tubing and valve blockage, interference of well intervention, and even well abundance.
Calcium sulfate is one of the common scales formed in the oilfields.
Corrosion-related losses represent approximately 30% of the hydrocarbons extraction and treatment industry's failures, with a total annual cost of US$ 1.372 billion. The oil&gas industry has widely recognized the importance of implementing effective prediction and management systems to reduce costs and guarantee compliance with safety, health, and environmental regulations. In this context, it is safe to narrow the oilfield corrosion problem mainly towards the two most severe degradation cases observed during operation: the sweet CO₂-related and H₂S-related corrosion.
Electrochemical protection techniques have provided owners of reinforced concrete infrastructure a highly effective option for controlling reinforcement corrosion. This is particularly so for coastal assets, such as wharves and bridges which are exposed to seawater and in turn the corrosive effects thatfollow as chlorides migrate through the concrete cover to the reinforcement. Protection technologies have evolved considerably over the past 30 years in the Australian market.
Automated inspection systems are widely used in many industries. Tele-commuting enables an entire spectrum of virtual workers. Tele-inspection combines the automation hardware with a virtually present human-inspector to allow the transfer of manual dexterity in real-time over the internet.