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People have been spraying two-component materials for decades. Some processes are very rudimentary, such as mixing by hand and brushing the material on the surface. More recent techniques would be impingement mixing the material (using air to force the materials together and then spraying the material on the surface).
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The alloys used as clad material for this study are members of the so-called “C-family”. It consists of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, which are known for combining the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr alloys in oxidizing media with corrosion resistance of Ni-Mo alloys in reducing media. As a result, these materials have proven to be extremely durable in a wide range of highly aggressive media. The development of these materials started in the 1930s with Alloy C. This alloy showed remarkable corrosion resistance in a wide spread of media, low sensitivity for pitting or crevice corrosion and virtual immunity to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking.
The continuous improvements in the Oil&Gas Industry to deal with reliability and maintainability objectives, higher operational reliability, improved safety, and emergency readiness for potential risk of unexpected events have led the Offshore Companies to be in the forefront of development of design and analysis methodology for integrity assessment and safety operation. The architecture of an integrated model targeting the major residual risks to the asset, new generations of internal and external inspection techniques, real-time monitoring sensors, material degradation prediction related to the actual and future operational conditions and machine learning methods are, as identified from the experiences of the authors, the new frontiers for the Pipeline Integrity Management. The advance in automation process to build pipeline digital twin, looking at new predictive and diagnosis tool by advanced FE models allows not only thinking defensively but also in taking an aggressive position toward safety and asset optimization. Plenty of attention was devoted to the 40 years of pipeline integrity assessment through which the engineering assessment takes advantage from inspection and operational data. Suite of services for an integrated solution including ad-hoc engineering and repair system readiness have been identified as the main pillars for best-in-class Operators. Case histories and integrated solution to ensure satisfactory performance and safety have been presented.
The sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of carbon steels and other alloys is commonly addressed through testing according to NACE TM01771 or NACE TM03162. The Method A of the first standard is focused on tests using uniaxial tensile (UT) while the second standard considers 4-point bend (4PB) type of loads. A common way of qualifying a material according to these standards is the absence of failure of the specimens or SSC crack initiation at the surface of the material after a test duration of 720 hours (1 month). After testing, cross-sectional observations of non-broken specimens often reveal so-called “grooves” that can be significantly different in shape and depth depending on the test method, steel grade or environment considered.
This paper addresses two recent regulatory actions regarding lead. The first is the October 15, 2008 revision to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead. The second regulation is the August 14, 2008 update to the OSHA Instruction: National Emphasis Program – Lead, which describes OSHA’s nation-wide emphasis on reducing occupational lead exposures. The authors will overview the regulatory actions and discuss potential impacts on the painting industry.
Typical service lifetimes for protective coating systems range from 10-50 years, depending on how extreme the service environment is, as well as on all the details of substrate preparation, coating composition, and coating application.4 While the primary consideration for specifiers of protective coating systems is the service life related to corrosion protection, there is often also a requirement of durability of decorative properties, e.g. color and gloss. This is true not only for monumental steel structures, but also for instance for industrial and offshore structures where “safety colors” are used. This segment therefore has many similarities to the “architectural coatings” segment (coatings for monumental buildings), where the substrates may be different, but where a multi-layer system approach is still used, and owners expect the durability of both the protective and decorative functions.
Duplex Stainless steel (22Cr) also known as corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) has been extensively used in oil and gas industry for critical applications such as wet gas production flow lines and pipelines. A number of new sour Oil & Gas projects with high salinity (exceeding 200000ppm NaCl) will be developed in the coming years in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). So far DSS material is qualified upto 10mbar partial pressure of H2S (ppH2S) in 160000ppm chloride levels. The operating conditions of these new projects are outside these current material operating limits of 22Cr DSS. The objective of the study was to enable wider use of 22 Cr DSS grades (lower cost CRA) in highly sour projects in high chloride environments instead of selecting more expensive CRA materials like 25 Cr super duplex alloy 825 or alloy 625. Pitting crevice and stress corrosion cracking tests were conducted on both parent metal and representative welds in high ppH2S and in high chloride environments. The results established the new threshold sour service limits of DSS material which resulted in significant cost savings for various projects. The paper will present the test results and discuss the opportunities for DSS application.
This paper introduces a novel method for chemical surface preparation of concrete surfaces that has been recognized by ASTM under a recent revision of ASTM D4260. Contractors will learn current methods used to prepare concrete in order to receive coatings. The objectives of the presentation are: to understand the current methods for surface preparation of concrete, to identify the current standard for chemically etching concrete and the new materials that have been developed that meet the revised standard, and to present the environmental advantages of the new product in a real world project example.
This paper introduces a novel method for chemical surface preparation of concrete surfaces that has been recognized by ASTM under a recent revision of ASTM D4260. Contractors will learn current methods used to prepare concrete in order to receive coatings.
High-solids, two-component acrylic polyurethane coating formulations were prepared using a new low-viscosity, reactive diluent that incorporates directly into the final polymer network. The resulting acrylic coatings were found to increase the solids content of formulations without compromising mechanical performance. Acrylic polyurethane coating samples containing the diluent were evaluated for weatherability performance via QUV and environmental chamber studies.
Solventborne 2-pack (2K) epoxy-amine coating systems have for many years been commonly used to formulate high performance protective coatings such as metal anti-corrosion primers and concrete floor coatings. However, due to the concerns linked to their high volatile organic compounds (VOC) contents, waterborne alternatives with comparable performance are needed.