AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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New Understanding on Calcium Carbonate Scaling Kinetics

Product Number: 51319-12935-SG

Author: Qiwei Wang

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the predominate type of mineral scale formed in many industrial water processes including oil and gas production. Comprehensive and accurate knowledge on the CaCO3 scaling risk is critical for the effective scale management. Currently scale risk assessment is largely depends on thermodynamic simulation which predicts the saturation state under given conditions there are very limited experimental or field data on scaling kinetics. Previous works on temperature effect were investigated on nucleation and precipitation in bulk solutions which didn’t involve the CaCO3 adhesion and accumulation on existing surface. The pressure effect is considered in scaling tendency calculation but its potential impact on scaling kinetics is usually neglected.This paper presents the laboratory results of CaCO3 scaling kinetics at various temperatures (80-150°C) and pressures (500-5000 psia). Tests were conducted with a dynamic tube blocking apparatus which measures CaCO3 scale buildup by monitoring hydrostatic pressure differential (DP) across a capillary tubing and the time for scale formation was determined. Test waters were maintained at similar CaCO3 supersaturation state at different temperatures and pressures by adjusting bicarbonate concentration. Results show that under the test conditions scaling rate was accelerated by both temperature and pressure. CaCO3 scaling time was shortened approximately 2 times when pressure was increased from 500 psi to 5000 psi at the same temperature and similar supersaturation state. For examples scaling timeis decreased from ~65minutes to ~40minutes at 80°C and from ~40 minutes to < 20 minutes at 125°C with pressure changed from 500 psi to 5000 psi..This study provides new understanding on the mineral scaling kinetics by identifying the pressure dependence of CaCO3 scale formation process. Experimental results show that pressure other than its impact on solubility has additional kinetic effect on CaCO3 scaling rate. This kinetic effect should be included in the scaling risk assessment especially for the high pressure systems.

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New UT Techniques for HTHA Detection – Lessons From the Field

Product Number: 51321-16320-SG

Author: Casper Wassink/Frederic Reverdy/Guillaume Neau/Olivier Roy

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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New Vinyl Coating System for the Marine Industry

Product Number: 41209-480-SG

Author: Daniel Harrison

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

Vinyl coatings technology was pioneered shortly after World War II to control the corrosion on steel dam gates along the Mississippi River. Previously, oil-based technology had resulted in paints that performed well on atmospheric exposed areas of the dams but failed quickly in the areas immersed in water. By the mid-1950s, their proven durability had made vinyl coatings the industry standard for marine applications.

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New Water-Based Fluoropolymer Resins for Ultra-Weatherable Coatings

Product Number: 41209-472-SG

Author: Winn Darden, Bob Parker, Naoko Sumi, Isao Kimura, Masakazu Ataku, Takashige Maekawa

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

Fluoropolymer resins find widespread use as building blocks for ultra-weatherable coatings. Fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE) resins were developed to overcome some of the problems associated with the application of standard fluoropolymer coatings. FEVE resins, which yield topcoats with expected lifetimes exceeding 60 years, can be cured at ambient temperatures for field application, or at elevated temperatures in the shop. In order to allow coating manufacturers to conform to government regulations on solvents, water-based FEVE resins were developed several years ago.

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Newly Developed Waterborne Phenalkamine for Corrosion Resistant Primers

Product Number: 51217-083-SG

Author: Hong Xu, Fernanda Tavares, Donald C. Lawson III, Jing Hu, Anbu Natesh

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL) is a non-edible, renewable biomaterial extracted from the honeycomb-like structure of the cashew nut. Its main component, cardanol, is produced by the decarboxylation of CNSL and it contains a highly hydrophobic aliphatic side chain. Cardanol is used in the synthesis of phenalkamines, which are widely used in marine, protective and industrial coatings applications. Historically, phenalkamines have been used in solvent systems, but recently, a new technology was developed that enables a very hydrophobic phenalkamine to be stably packaged in water.

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Next Generation Closed Loop Corrosion Inhibitors: Increasing Reliability & Decreasing Environmental Impact

Product Number: 51321-16465-SG

Author: Michael P. Weberski Jr/Bingzhi Chen

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Next Generation Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Modeling With Interdependent Initiation And Propagation Stages

Product Number: 51321-16848-SG

Author: Alberto A. Sagues; Christopher L. Alexander

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Next Generation Splash Zone Coating

Product Number: 41210-580-SG

Author: Daniel A. Zarate

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

Two coatings were developed for the intended purpose of maintaining steel sheet pile at the waterfront. The new splash zone coatings are free of VOC’s and HAP’s thereby providing a more environmentally friendly alternative to the standard coal tar epoxy system. The new coatings are also more abrasion and impact resistant and applied at more than twice the thickness of coal tar epoxy. All of these factors add up to an anticipated service life of 3 to 4 times that of coal tar epoxy leading to reduced life cycle costs.

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Next Step To Advanced Data Analysis With Pulsed Eddy Currents

Product Number: 51322-17568-SG

Author: Donald Picard, Olivier Bellavance, Gabriel Cyr, Andréanne Potvin

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) technology is a widely accepted inspection method now covered by several industry standards such as ISO⁽¹⁾ 20669, API⁽²⁾ RP 583, and the new ASME⁽³⁾ Section V (BPVC for Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code), article 21. PEC is a versatile inspection technology which provides an average remaining wall thickness through insulation and coatings. The technique can also be used to safely assess the minimum remaining ligament under corrosion scabs or blisters without surface preparation. PEC is resilient to liftoff variations and provides volumetric measurements of remaining material. It is capable of both detecting and assessing general corrosion on the outer surface of the pipes such as scabs and blisters, and detecting erosion or Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) on the inner surface.

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Nickel Based Alloy Casting Failure In Potash Production Mill

Product Number: 51322-17528-SG

Author: Bernard Peterson, Alireza Kohandehghan, Brian Wilson

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Potash is mined from deep underground deposits left by ancient inland seas or extracted from saltwater bodies. The typical composition of potash is 40% potassium chloride (KCl), 55% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 5% clay. About 95% of potash is used for fertilizer in agriculture; the remaining 5% is used in commercial and industrial products such as soap, water softeners, de-icers, drilling muds etc.

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Nickel-Cobalt Electroplating as a Protection Against Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Coated High-Strength Steel Bolts in Seawater

Product Number: 51319-13270-SG

Author: Omar Rosas-Camacho

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Hydrogen embrittlement has long been one of the most troublesome phenomena related to materials’ failures in the widespread Oil and Gas industry and yet it is the cause of recent failures and subject of new studies and analyses. Hydrogen embrittlement a form of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) occurs when a material’s mechanical strength is weakened by the penetration of atomic hydrogen inside the material; the hydrogen sources are diverse and they all intervene in this phenomenon. In plated bolts the coating’s application may induce the penetration of hydrogen into the base-material cathodic protection by sacrificial coatings or impressed current may also have similar effect. The purpose of the present work is addressing the influence of different metallic coatings on the amount of hydrogen present in the steel bolting substrate in service conditions and relate it to the extent of hydrogen embrittlement; by co-relating environment stress and materials properties this investigation attempts to present safe alternatives to prevent hydrogen embrittlement failures.The tested samples were B7M ASTM A193/A193M bolts and 2HM ASTM A194/A194M nuts with the following coating conditions: 1) No coating 2) Zn plating 3) Zinc-Nickel plating and 4) Ni-Co ASTM B994 SC 18 Class 1 electroplating. Potentiodynamic tests in simulated sea-water solution evaluated the kinetics for hydrogen production on the different materials. Determination of hydrogen permeation into the substrate across the coatings was carried out in a Devanathan–Stachurski cell. Cathodic protection of -1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl in simulated seawater solution was applied to tensile samples varying the environmental pressure and the exposure time before breakdown in air. The results showed an outstanding performance of the Nickel-Cobalt coating compared to the sacrificial coatings; sacrificial coatings produced large currents by the cathodic reaction and allowed hydrogen penetration to the base-material Nickel-Cobalt produced less current and the permeation was much lower. The mechanical tests showed that Nickel-Cobalt is not affected by the cathodic charging while the tested sacrificial coatings reduce their mechanical resistance in a 50%.The results from this effort have an outstanding relevance in offshore and subsea deep-water drilling and production equipment that depends on high strength carbon and low allow steels. Nickel-Cobalt alloy ASTM B994 is proposed as the emerging technology for carbon and high strength steel bolts to be used in marine environment and subsea where failure is not an option.

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Nitrite-Based Oxidative Chemical Treatments for Polythionic Acid SCC Mitigation

Product Number: 51324-21145-SG

Author: Nathaniel Sutton; Sean Sears

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Reactive metal sulfides introduce safety and reliability risks to hydroprocessing (and other) refinery units during outages. Self-heating or pyrophoric catalysts are a concern, as is stress corrosion cracking of sensitized stainless-steel equipment open to air. A nitrite-based aqueous treatment has been developed and deployed in the field, which addresses both catalyst pyrophoricity and polythionic acid (PTA) SCC of equipment. This paper will present case studies where refineries have relied solely upon the nitrite-based oxidizing solution for PTASCC mitigation. Prior published laboratory testing of the nitrite-based oxidizing treatment used spray-applied iron sulfide (FeS) powder and moist air to produce a PTA environment. One limitation of that approach was that the porous nature of the surface does not adequately simulate a “real” FeS layer formed during years of exposure to high temperature sulfidizing processes. This paper presents additional test results on actively loaded bend specimens of ex-service 347H heater tube extracted from an operating diesel hydrotreater unit.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance