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Parts produced via additive manufacturing (AM) are being adopted broadly among many industries andused in an array of applications. AM parts are attractive to these industries for several reasons. Complexgeometries that cannot be manufactured using traditional, subtractive methods can be producedadditively.
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The drive towards renewable energy, requirement for reduction in fossil fuel consumption and emission of carbon dioxide has received substantial attention from governments and researchers worldwide during the last few decades [1]. The exploration of renewable sources of energy has been grouped into wind, geothermal, tidal and solar energy. Solar energy has shown great promise due to the abundant amount of energy reaching the Earth [2, 3]. Electricity generation from solar irradiation can be achieved by photovoltaic (PV) and photothermal conversion [4].
Previous studies have shown that the presence of oxygen in wet carbon steel pipelines can present a major integrity management issue. The presence of O2 in the process accelerates corrosion rates and has been identified as a major culprit in the formation of black solids in gas transmission pipelines.
In 2001 the UK Health and Safety Executive published “Review of Corrosion Management for Offshore Technology Report 2001/00”. This was the first document related to corrosion management system (CMS), which was updated in March 2019 and incorporated the PDCA (Plan-do-check-act) approach. However, the topic of CMS reached its peak after NACE published “NACE IMPACT Study” in 2016.
Leadership is the ability to motivate and inspire people towards achieving a positive change. Leadership starts with an awareness of self and is driven by a deep understanding of both personal values and the values of wider teams and organizations.
Often leadership is confused with the skill of management, which is defined here as the ability to develop and action structured plans, processes, procedures to achieve required outcomes within defined constraints and with specific resources.
The presence of trenches on low alloy steels (LAS) in sour environments at the open circuit potential (OCP) has been reported since 1977. Originally, they were classified as deep and elongated localized corrosion pits. Recently, many authors have referred to them as “stress-induced grooves.
Water jetting is frequently used as a surface preparation method mainly during maintenance. However, water-jetted surfaces are prone to the formation of flash rust in the time interval between surface preparation and coating application. The formation of flash rust increases with increasing temperature, relative humidity, and salt contamination concentration on the surface.
Carbon steel is commonly used as a material for pipelines in oil and gas industry for facilities such as flowlines, down hole tubulars, transmission pipelines. Wide use of carbon steel is conventional due to its economic feasibility, however this kind of steel faces significant internal corrosion problems with corrosion rates reaching up to 10 mm/y if there is exclusion of protective methods. In oil and gas industry such carbon steel pipelines are utilized for transportation of hydrocarbons where they are simultaneously exposed to the co-generated acidic gases (carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S)) and water.
Organic coating is the most widely used method of corrosion protection. its corrosion protective abilities depend on physical, chemical and mechanical properties including adhesion to a substrate and essential barrier properties against corrosive species, such as water and oxygen. The durability of corrosion protection coatings is evaluated based on their effectiveness in providing long-term protection to metallic substrates when these materials are exposed to aggressive corrosion environments.
Nowadays, oil and gas fields containing a high concentration of CO2 and H2S at high temperatures are being operated in many areas. Here, internal corrosion control under these conditions has become one of the significant challenges in oil and gas production wells and a major cause of severe corrosion–related material failure in the industry.
Internal corrosion of the pipelines turns out to be a critical threat to the initial stage of production.
Metallic coatings are frequently used on carbon steel and other metallic and non-metallic substrates for corrosion control, decorative or aesthetic purposes. The coating metal commonly used includes Zn, Al, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ag, Au, etc., singly or sometime in combination. When one of these metal coatings is applied on a metallic substrate, it is very important to consider the relative positions of the coating material and the substrate in the galvanic or EMF series.
In the Oil and Gas plant industry, coating plays an important role in increasing added value for the purpose of providing product functionality and protecting products as the final stage of all work.In particular, heavy-duty coating refers to a coating system that can withstand severe corrosive environments such as sea, underwater, and coastal industrial areas, and has a durability of at least 20 years for structures that are difficult to repair environmentally and economically.