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This paper will focus on the use of composites to repair and protect piping in the facility environments. Composites as a preventative option for location of soil-to-air interfaces and pipe support locations and the ability of composites to repair bends and restore the structural integrity of the facility piping will be discussed. Testing and currently in use examples will be used to show the benefit of composites in facility integrity systems, including the ability to keep the facility safe while avoiding a costly shutdown
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Stress Corrosion Cracking, or SCC, is part of a group of cracks commonly known as Environmental Cracking. Additional types of cracks found in this group include corrosion fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement. It is generally known that SCC requires three factors to be present to form and continue growing. The first is a susceptible material. In the world of pipelines, carbon steel is quite susceptible to corrosion when buried but is typically protected from this threat utilizing a combination of external coatings in cathodic protection.
Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is among the key degradations posing integrity risks to the hydrocarbon processing, chemical, and petrochemical facilities. CUI is reportedly known as the reason behind 40-60% of failures in the piping for the oil refineries. Whereas the small-bore piping (i.e., NPS< 4”) is more prone to this damage mechanism where reportedly where up to 81% of failure result from CUI.
Cryogenic vessels are specifically designed to store cryogenic liquids at very low temperatures, such as −196 °C for liquid N2, −252 °C for liquid H2, -160o C for LNG (liquified natural gas), etc. In case of Pentane/LPG (liquified petroleum gas), though the temperature is higher in the range of -7 to -23o C, cryogenic steel spherical vessels are used for storage as shown in Figure 1.
The large temperature difference between the internal cryogenic liquid and the external environment causes an extremely strong heat transfer between the two, which must be prevented by the thermal insulation material to ensure secure storage of the cryogenic liquid.
In the oil and gas industry sand production is a major cause of erosion which can badly affect production rates because of damage to surface and subsurface facilities and equipment such as pumps, valves, elbows and pipelines. In past few years, research work on sand production has been conducted in different ways including erosion prediction, and control and sand monitoring to prevent sand production and its damages to facilities. The continuous monitoring of sand in the flow stream is extremely useful to minimize erosion damage to the production facilities.
The first case of top of line corrosion (TLC) in Tunu gas field was reported by Gunaltun et al in 19991. Inlineinspection (ILI) of two carbon steel pipelines distributing multiphase effluent, showed up to 50% metalloss at 11.00 – 01.00 o’clock at several sections. Visual examination of a cut section showed that the topof line was covered with iron carbonate layer with deep pits, and severe metal loss occurred on largesurfaces at these area.
The hydrocarbon exploration in the ocean and deep sea was started as early as early as the 1850s, when the first drilling was carried out in California, USA. Other early oil explorations activities were later recorded in Pakistan (1886), Peru (1869), India (1890) and Dutch East Indies (1893). The development of an offshore industry is directly related to the development of subsea pipelines as well. As the industry expands towards deeper waters, the pipelines are required to have better materials, designs, operation practices and maintenance strategies to withstand the challenging environments. These pipelines are exposed to elevated temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive fluids.
In most engineering and scientific applications, machine learning (ML) or artificial intelligence (AI) methods in general, are primarily oriented to design a statistical/heuristic procedure to predict the outcome of a system under new conditions. This mechanism aims at exploring non-evident correlations between inputs and outputs that are embedded in the data. However, a large body of this effort relies on black-box function approximations (e.g., neural networks) that have shown limitations to elucidate additional insights from the underlying physical process that generated the data. Thus, this type of knowledge is generated in a data-driven manner without fully explaining the physics governing the problem.
Canada’s existing natural gas pipeline network is being considered to help store and distribute high pressure hydrogen, when blended with natural gas, to support transition to the hydrogen economy. The importance of this topic to Canada is well document in the Federal Government’s call to action “Hydrogen Strategy for Canada”, which includes benefits such as: (i) positioning Canada to become a worlding-leading supplier of hydrogen technologies, (ii) employing hydrogen as a key enabler to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, and (iii) generating more than 350,000 high paying jobs, including unique opportunities for indigenous communities and businesses.
Boilers are one of the most fundamental systems in refineries or processing plants. It is very critical to assess and control the conditions of boilers to avoid the operation failure. Scale and corrosions are major problems in the boiler. Boiler chemical treatment has been considered to be a cost-effective approach to prevent deposition formation and minimize corrosion in boilers to control feeding chemicals, tracers are used for monitoring chemical dosage levels. The usage of fluorescent tracers for dosage control and system diagnostics is a recognized approach for decreasing operator workload and improving system performance.
This twin train Condensate Splitting Unit (CSU) is basically an atmospheric distillation unit processing predominantly Middle Eastern condensate along with other non-system condensate. The products from this unit are Light/Heavy Naphtha, Kerosene, Light/Heavy Gas Oil and Atmospheric residue. There is no desalter in this unit and preheated feed is flashed in Pre-flash column to separate out light and medium naphtha.
In a pipe, guided Lamb-like waves can propagate around the circumference of the pipe wall. As they do, the waves pick up details about the pipe wall’s characteristics, such as its inner surface condition and, most significantly, its thickness. A robust pipe wall thickness estimation method based on conventional (i.e., non-machine learning) processing methods has been proposed by the authors.