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Picture for How Not to Do Machine Learning for Corrosion Prediction
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How Not to Do Machine Learning for Corrosion Prediction

Product Number: 51323-19310-SG
Author: Thomas Hayden, Joseph Mazzella, Len Krissa, Paul Murray
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The intention of this work is to pose epistemic questions about corrosion measurement, statistical inference, and the role of machine learning in predicting corrosion growth. The audience of this work is practitioners implementing inferential algorithms or tools for corrosion prediction. In this work, an algorithm consists of a process for estimating the presence and severity of corrosion.
How The Right Pot Choice And System Set Up Can Improve Blasting Efficiency Continued
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How The Right Pot Choice And System Set Up Can Improve Blasting Efficiency Continued

Product Number: 51322-17932-SG
Author: David J Barnes
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The paper written in 2019 concluded the following; Whilst we may think that all blast pots are the same, these tests show that not to be the case. The design of the pipework, remote control valves and media valves all contribute to the efficiency of the pot. The ability to precisely control the amount of grit being introduced into the airstream gives the operator much more control over grit usage and therefore overall efficiency and hence cost. 
Picture for How To Acquire A Reliable Scale Inhibitor MEC Number Based On Laboratory Testing Results – A Field Case Analysis
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How To Acquire A Reliable Scale Inhibitor MEC Number Based On Laboratory Testing Results – A Field Case Analysis

Product Number: 51322-17623-SG
Author: Dong Shen, Jeffrey Russek, Haiping Lu, Larry Hines, Michael Jordon Oney
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The formation of mineral scales is one of the most problematic threats to the oil and gas operations which can lead to loss of production, increased lifting costs and assets deterioration.1 Mineral scales can precipitate at any locations within an oil and gas production system and create blockage in perforations, production tubulars, pumps, and surface equipment. The formation of scale deposits can be attributed to the mixing of incompatible waters from different production zones or physical and chemical condition changes associated with produced water transporting from reservoir to wellhead and further to processing facilities.
Picture for How we learn from our history in the development of the next generation of linings
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How we learn from our history in the development of the next generation of linings

Product Number: MPWT19-14325
Author: Michael Harrison
Publication Date: 2019
$0.00

The market for protective linings in the oil and gas sector has evolved in the last 30 years, reflecting on both increased performance demands and productivity demands. This paper will review the successes seen with tank linings and the changes seen within the market (legislative, HSE and more aggressive conditions), later, via a case study it will elaborate how these have steered R&D in the development of the next generation of high-performance linings.
Finally, the relevance of the American Petroleum Guidance (API652 and 653) to establish their continued relevance in lining selection and inspection intervals will be reviewed along with the utilization of linings to support changing demands (increased life expectancy and inspection intervals).
Picture for Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion Of A Venturi Gas Scrubber In A Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Platformer
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Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion Of A Venturi Gas Scrubber In A Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Platformer

Product Number: 51322-17770-SG
Author: Yousif A. Al Rabie, Iyad Al-Buraiki
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Two of the most common acid gases produced by the refining industry are chloride compounds such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These compounds can react with water to form solutions of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid.  Droplets that condense are often highly concentrated, and acid concentrations in excess of 10% can be expected.1 A common source of these gaseous compounds is the overhead exhaust/vent of regeneration tower within a Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR) unit. Chloride compounds in the regenerator vent gas are absorbed in 1 wt.% caustic (NaOH) by subsequent contact in a venturi scrubber (ejector), before venting chloride free gas to atmosphere through a wash tower.  
Picture for Hydrogen Charging Of Armco Iron And L80 Steel In Various Electrolytes
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Hydrogen Charging Of Armco Iron And L80 Steel In Various Electrolytes

Product Number: 51322-17604-SG
Author: M. Eichinger, M. Truschner, D. Zwittnig, A. Trautmann, G. Mori
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874⁠. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.
Picture for Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure Of Nickel Alloy UNS N07716-140 Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve Component Installed In A Sour Production Gas Well
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Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure Of Nickel Alloy UNS N07716-140 Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve Component Installed In A Sour Production Gas Well

Product Number: 51322-17709-SG
Author: Iyad Al-Buraiki, Qasem Alhassan, Karthik Krishnan, Wade Meaders
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

A 9-5/8 inch (244.8 mm) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV), which is a type of Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) governed by API Specification 14A, was found to have failed when retrieved during workover operations in a gas production well in June 2019. This TRSV was installed in the well in November 2013 and was in production service from 2015 until November 2018 when the well was shut in for maintenance of surface equipment. In March 2019, with the well still shut in for maintenance, a rapid increase in the tubing-casing annulus (TCA) pressure was observed.
Picture for Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength austenitic stainless steels
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Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength austenitic stainless steels

Product Number: 51323-19269-SG
Author: Clara Herrera, Philipp Niederhofer, Merlin Seifert
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Hydrogen is considered an alternative energy source for fossil fuels, and consequently the requirements for materials used in hydrogen applications have been increased. These materials need to have high resistance against hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE, that affects several metallic materials, is a complex phenomenon characterized by a degradation of the mechanical properties, in particular ductility.
Picture for Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit
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Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Product Number: 51320-14357-SG
Author: Siew Leong Waia, Rajaram Chidambaramb, John Richertc, Jorge Perdomo
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.   

Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.  

 
Picture for Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit
Available for download

Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Product Number: 513020-14357-SG
Author: Siew Leong Wai, Rajaram Chidambaram, John Richert, Jorge Perdomo
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.   

Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.  

 
Picture for Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in Corrosion Resistant Materials for Fasteners
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Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in Corrosion Resistant Materials for Fasteners

Product Number: 51323-18763-SG
Author: Hans Husby, Inge Morten Kulbotten, Gisle Rørvik
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00
Picture for Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Steel Armour Wires for Flexible Pipes
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Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Steel Armour Wires for Flexible Pipes

Product Number: 51320-14489-SG
Author: Ellen Synnøve Skilbred, Signe Aarthun Lootz, Roy Johnsen
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

Flexible pipes are frequently used both as flowlines and risers in the oil and gas industry. A flexible pipe has a complex structure consisting of layers of polymer and metallic materials. The armor wire layers – shielded with polymer materials from seawater on the outside and well fluid on the inside – are the load and pressure bearing parts. Due to diffusion from the well fluid and/or damage of the outer polymer layer, the annulus can be water-filled, and armor wire can corrode. In this work, the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) with the presence of atomic hydrogen due to cathodic polarization has been investigated for six different tensile armor wire materials. Samples were exposed to Slow Strain Rate testing (SSRT) in 3.5% NaCl solution and cathodic polarization to -1.1 and -1.4 VAg/AgCl at room temperature. Reference samples without hydrogen charging were tested in air for comparison. Stress-strain curves, reduction in area (RA) and the microstructure of the fracture surfaces were investigated. The HE susceptibility tended to increase with the carbon content, strength and hardness and the materials tended to be more brittle when charged to -1.4 VAg/AgCl than -1.1VAg/AgCl. 
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