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Impact of H2S Souring on PDO Facilities Materials of Construction

Product Number: MECC23-20044-SG

Author: Hajir Al Huraizi; Ibrahim Al Azri

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Recent fluid analysis in PDO North Stations have indicated increase in H2S content. In view of this, asset team requested to assess the impact on the Materials of Construction (MoC) of the on-plot facility and identify other H2S limits (e.g., crude and gas exports). Given the unpredictable nature of Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) and Stress Corrosion cracking (SCC), it is not possible to estimate remnant life or time to failure as this form of degradation is more dependent on process conditions.

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Impact of Impurities on the Corrosion of CO2 Dense Phase Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: MECC23-20236-SG

Author: Mohammed Yousif, Ayman Musaad, Usman Ali, Ali Alhajeri, Faisal M Al-Abbas

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A dense phase or supercritical CO2 pipeline is a crucial state in the oil and gas sector, particularly when it comes to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS)1. The process of CCS involves three stages: capture from sources (e.g., cement factories and power plants), transportation process, and storage. Generally, these pipelines carry CO2 from different industrial facilities to geological formations.

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Impact Of Maintenance Activities On Future Integrity Of Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-17504-SG

Author: Haralampos Tsaprailis, Jiajun Liang, Mike Hill

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Transmission pipeline companies utilize successive ILI tool runs to identify, size, and determine the corrosion growth rate (CGR) of pipeline features that may be detrimental to the operation of the pipeline [1, 2]. The importance of back-to-back ILI tool runs in monitoring and maintaining the safe operation of a pipeline is further supported by the methodologies’ incorporation by US regulators for high consequence areas. The calculated CGR from the ILI tool runs is used to determine maintenance digs required to mitigate the identified features prior to the next scheduled re-inspection interval.

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Impact Of Material Properties Of Thick-Wall X65 TMCP Plate Steel For Sour Service

Product Number: 51322-17917-SG

Author: Thomas Haase, Christoph Bosch, Matthias Frommert, Markus Schürmann, Alexander Voelling, Sven Casper

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Low-alloy steel of API⁽¹⁾ 5L grade X65 is commonly used as line pipe material for sour service applications, where, due to stringent operation limits, resistivity to Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) and Stress-Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC) is required and tested before and after plate into pipe forming. Within recent years more challenging requirements have been introduced, including more severe corrosion test conditions, increased mechanical properties and extended limitations regarding hardness, to enable application to increasingly severe sour service conditions. For steel plants and plate manufacturers this entails the necessity to further improve the quality of their products together with separate improvements and modifications on the production plants and processes that have been implemented anyway.

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Impact of Multiphase Flow on the Inhibition of Carbonate Scale Deposition.

Product Number: 51323-19425-SG

Author: Olujide Sanni, Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The crystallization of sparingly soluble salt in multiphase system, involving mixing between oil and water fractions, is one of the major challenges encountered by the petroleum industry. The kinetics of scale formation in the bulk of the fluid in the presence of the oil phase is very important and has received little attention. Most of the studies that focused on dealing with the challenges of scale formation in the oil and gas industry have been directed towards the understanding, predictions and treatment based on results from single phase brine solution.

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Impact of O2 Content on Corrosion Behavior of X65 Mild Steel in Gaseous, Liquid and Supercritical CO2 environments

Product Number: 51320-14433-SG

Author: Xiu Jiang, Dingrong Qu , Xiaoliang Song

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

CO2 stream in CCS system usually contains impurities, such as water, O2, SO2, NO2, H2S, and other trace substances, which could pose a threat to internal corrosion and integrity of CO2 transportation pipelines. The general and localized corrosion behavior of API 5L X65 mild steel were evaluated using an autoclave both in water-saturated CO2 and CO2-saturated water environments in the presence of varying concentrations of O2. Experiments were performed at 25 °C and 35 °C, 8 MPa and 35 °C, 4 MPa to simulate the conditions encountered during dense, supercritical and gaseous CO2 transport. General corrosion rates were obtained by weight-loss method. The surface morphology of the coupons was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that general corrosion rates at each O2 concentration in CO2-saturated water environment were much higher than those in water-saturated CO2 environment. The corrosion rates did not increase with increasing O2 concentration from 0 to 2000 ppm; instead the corrosion rate reached a maximum with 1000 ppm O2 at 25 °C, 8 MPa and 50 ppm O2 at 35 °C, 8 MPa in water-saturated CO2 environment and 50 ppm at 25 °C, 8 MPa and 100 ppm at 35 °C, 8 MPa in CO2-saturated water environment. However, the change trend of general corrosion rate with O2 content at 35 °C, 4 MPa was different from that in 25 °C and 35 °C, 8 MPa both in water-saturated CO2 and CO2-saturated water environments. Localized corrosion or general corrosion rate of over 0.1 mm/y was identified at each test condition both in a water-saturated CO2 and CO2-saturated water environments. When O2 was added, coupon surfaces were covered by a more porous corrosion product scale. A final series of tests conducted with the addition of 100 ppm and 2000 ppm O2 in CO2 environment with 60% relative humidity (RH) and 80% RH revealed that no localized corrosion was observed and the general corrosion rates were lower than 0.1 mm/y at 25 °C and 35 °C, 8

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Impact of Power System Design and Operating Conditions for AC Interference on Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20926-SG

Author: Majid Siahrang; Kurt Bell; David Lewis

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Power system design and operating conditions have strong impacts on the AC interference levels on pipelines in joint-use corridors. Engineers analyzing the AC interference must understand when certain design and operating parameters are significant factors to the accuracy of the analysis. This paper discusses the impact of several transmission line design parameters including transmission structure design, phasing configuration, shielding design and parameters, line loadings, load unbalance, fault contribution, and more factors that affect recipient pipelines’ voltage in joint-use corridors. As each corridor has unique characteristics, understanding the significance of each power system variable promotes coordination between industries.

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Impact Of Preservation Method, Storage Temperature, And Processing Time On Microbiological Community Shift In Solid Samples Collected From Crude Oil Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-18009-SG

Author: Mohita Sharma, Nicole Taylor, Lisa Gieg, Trevor Place, Yin Shen, Danika Nicoletti, Jennifer Sargent

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Robust integrity management plans are critical for ensuring the lifespan and preventing failures of manmade infrastructure, including the metal (carbon steel) infrastructure that dominates the oil and gas industry. In this sector and others, many types of corrosion can occur on metal infrastructure, including corrosion that involves the participation of microorganisms, commonly referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion, or MIC. MIC can be difficult to diagnose as the cause of a given infrastructure failure because it is not a stand-alone mechanism – the physical and chemical properties of a system can influence the types of microorganisms that are present and active, while the metabolisms of these microorganisms can influence the surrounding chemistry and physical properties of a system.

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Impact of Test Method on Sulfide Stress Cracking Fracture Toughness

Product Number: 51323-19118-SG

Author: Florian Thebault, Christelle Gomes, Daniela Garcia

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

When dealing with the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) of Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) as casings and tubings, two main approaches are: either the determination of the threshold stress on a smooth tensile specimen (NACE TM0177 Method A) or the fracture toughness KISSC on a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen (NACE TM0177 Method D).
Relevance of KISSC for predicting the behavior of real pipes in service has been assessed in the frame of API PRAC project Phase II.1 Hollow tensile specimens sampled in the wall of sour service seamless pipes were exposed to sour environments either on Inner Diameter (ID), Outer Diameter (OD) or both and subjected to a tensile loading (see also references

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Impact of Unreacted Mea-Triazine on Refinery Operation

Product Number: 51321-16832-SG

Author: James Ondyak; James Noland; Parag Shah

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Impact of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VPCI) to Mitigate Corrosion in Refinery Overhead Systems

Product Number: 51324-21227-SG

Author: Pradeep Lakshmanappa; Amutha Nagarajan; Indrajyoti Mukherjee; Sathees Kesavan; Hitesh Bagaria

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion in crude distillation unit overhead lines is primarily caused by hydrochloric acid at the dew point. Various other contaminants including air, organic acids, H2S, NH3, tramp amines, HCN, mercaptans, phenols, etc. also play a role in overhead corrosion. Mitigation strategies include process solutions such as wash water systems and temperature control, and chemical solutions including amine-based neutralizers and film-forming inhibitors. Despite implementing these strategies, corrosion is invariably observed in the overhead system. Conventional “non-volatile” filmers rely on free liquid to cover the metallurgy. However, the complex nature of overhead geometry and fluid flow make complete metal coverage challenging. This necessitates a different strategy to achieve protection. Here, we present a first of its kind Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor (VPCI) for protecting overhead systems. Several VPCI candidates were studied in the lab for performance, volatility, and risks (emulsification, pentane solubility, amine salt fouling, thermal stability). Promising VPCI was field trialed in several refineries.

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Impact of Welder Performance on the Integrity of Welds, and Enhancement of Welds Quality

Product Number: MPWT19-15249

Author: FANDEM, QASEM A, ALSUBAIKHY, HANI A, GHAMDI, ABDULRAHMAN M.

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Piping and pipeline are considered to be 60-70% of the oil and gas industry equipment. One of the most crucial factors to complete high quality projects within planned schedules is to focus on the quality of welding activities. Furthermore, the non-skilled welder is considered as a main parameter to produce welds with imperfections beyond the acceptable limits. Welders should have the required welding skills to perform the welding activities and produce sound welds, resulting in low weld rejection. On the other hand, poor welder’s performance produces low quality welds which affect the integrity of the welds and contribute to project delay and increase costs. This paper addresses methods to qualify welders and monitor their performance throughout the project lifecycle. The paper will study ISO 9606 approval testing of welders, American Welding Society (AWS) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Sec IX minimum requirements to qualify and certify welders. It will also illustrate the main variables that may contribute to high welding rejection rate, that are directly associated with the welders’ qualification and performance. Moreover, it will study the method of qualifying welders for different levels to properly assign welders based on load and criticality to avoid high welding rejection rate. The study shows that welders’ skill is the main parameter to produce high quality welds. Focusing on the causes of common welding defects, then educate and train the welders on the main factors causing these welding defects, will leave an influence to prevent defect recurrence

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance