AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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The Complexity And Challenges Of Irradiation-Induced Phase Instability Phenomenon In Nuclear Power Plant Components

Product Number: ED22-17322-SG

Author: D.A. Merezhko, M.N. Gussev, M.S. Merezhko, T.M. Rosseel, F. A. Garner

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels (AuSS) are widely used as structural materials for nuclear reactor vessel internals (RVIs), as well as for fuel cladding and pressurizer components. Some of these components cannot be removed and replaced, and therefore the irradiation performance of the steel determines the lifetime of each reactor component. Typical irradiation-induced detrimental effects in light water-cooled power reactors include embrittlement, accelerated creep, and radiation-altered corrosion. Some second-order effects such as void swelling, hydrogen accumulation, and radiation-induced phase instability might be slowly evolving to first-order importance, especially as Western nuclear power plants are being considered for lifetime extensions to 60 and possibly 80 total years.

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The Corrosion of Electrocoated Steel Studied by a Combination of Accelerated Exposure and Electrochemical Methods

Product Number: 51324-21121-SG

Author: Pedro Atz Dick; Elizabeth Brown-Tseng; Balaji Kannan; Walter Tarr

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Most of the performance assessment in the automotive electrocoat industry relies on continuous salt spray exposure tests or cyclic tests, which typically consist of a combination of salt spray and cycles of humidity and temperature. Because the analysis of the results is usually limited to visual quantification of corrosion, these tests alone offer little information about the mechanisms of coating degradation and their rate of progression. In this work, electrochemical tests were employed in tandem with accelerated exposure tests to better understand the degradation mechanisms of electrocoated steel. Different electrocoats were ranked based on their performance in cyclic cabinet tests, full immersion in NaCl, or by accelerated electrochemical methods. Finally, the trends observed in corrosion behavior were compared, and conclusions were drawn based on the mechanisms captured by electrochemical techniques and their relevance in each testing protocol.

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The Corrosion Susceptibility Index- A Physics-Based Indicator of Localized Corrosion and Environmental Assisted Cracking Susceptibility for Alloys

Product Number: 51323-19408-SG

Author: Christopher D Taylor

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

During crack growth and localized corrosion, fresh metal surfaces become exposed to the chemical and electrochemical environment. Subsequent alteration of the material in the nascent pit or at the crack tip zone will be initiated by the surface chemical processes that template the subsequent reactivity. Quantum chemical calculations can provide a physics-based method to simulate the adsorption phenomena that occur in systems possessing multiple chemical species (such as water, chloride, hydrogen-sulfide, inhibitors, etc.), various pH levels, temperatures and electrochemical conditions.

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The Design and Operation of a Multi-System Approach for Cathodic Protection Systems of Inter-Bonded Complex Plants

Product Number: 51323-19264-SG

Author: Dr Kevin Kendell

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The use of a multi-system approach to cathodic protection is primarily driven by the increasing complexity of the types of structures, which are part of the common cathode in modern plants.

Traditionally cathodic protection systems and their designs were based on single cathode structures like cross country pipelines or individual tanks. As the technology matured CP was applied to a wider range of structures but usually the design philosophies adopted remained unchanged.

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The Development of a New Accelerated Corrosion Test Method Using Controlled Relative Humidity

Product Number: 51323-19475-SG

Author: Alexander Lilly, Mirella Vargas, Erica Macha, Dr. Steven Kopitzke, James Dante, Dr. Victor Rodriguez-Santiago

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hexavalent chromium is utilized for the purpose of providing corrosion inhibition on many DoD assets in the form of surface treatments and primers. However, hexavalent chromium is also a known carcinogen and environmental toxin. As a result, processes which involve the application of hexavalent chromium will likely face increased regulation in the future.

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The Development Of Environmentally Acceptable Corrosion Inhibitors For Sour Applications

Product Number: 51322-18006-SG

Author: Jody Hoshowski, Alyn Jenkins, Rolando Perez Pineiro

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The decomposition process of ancient marine species in the seabed for millions of years coupled with the presence of specific geological conditions such as high pressures and temperatures led to the formation of what is known today as fossil fuels. For this reason, they can be found either on the earth's surface where ancient seas were located or beneath the seabed. Considering that the ocean covers three-quarters of the Earth's surface the offshore oil and natural gas exploration entail an enormous economic and strategic benefit.¹

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The Development Of Eta Function For Notch Tensile Testing Of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) Susceptibility

Product Number: 51322-18000-SG

Author: Yuan Ding, Lianlian Liu, Sebastian Cravero, Bostjan Bezensek, Raymundo Case

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Carbon steels and low alloy steels have been used extensively in the oil and gas industry for many decades. The success of their applications in the energy sector is a balanced result of the materials affordability and operation needs in the fields. Producing H₂S containing fluids remains a challenge for well integrity as no compromise is acceptable.

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The Development of Highly Corrosion Resistant PH Nickel Bar for Sour Oil and Gas and HydrogenStress Cracking Resistance

Product Number: MECC23-20363-SG

Author: Stephen McCoy; Brian A. Baker; William MacDonald

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The Precipitation Hardenable Nickel alloys 925, 718, 945, 945X and 725 are widely used for critical downhole oil field applications such as high strength tubing hangers and completion equipment. The materials are particularly useful in High Pressure/High Temperature wells where high strength and corrosion resistance are required in H2S containing production fluids.

Figure 1 shows a graphical summary of environmental service limits for the application of precipitation hardened nickel alloys defined within the NACE/ISO standards.

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The Development of Mercaptan Scavenging Test Methods and the Evaluation of Scavenger Chemistries

Product Number: 51323-18839-SG

Author: Jody Hoshowski, Alyn Jenkins, Adnan Alhammoud, Rolando Perez Pineiro

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Despite its volatility the petroleum industry is still one of the leading sectors in the world economy in terms of revenue and job creation. The global oil and gas market size reached $5,870.13 billion in 2021 and there is optimism that it will surpass that mark in 2025 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6%. To make this prediction possible it is important to ensure the continuous flow of oil and gas by implementing an efficient integrity management system to avoid pipeline failures.

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The Development of Novel Corrosion Inhibitors for High Temperature Sour Gas Environments

Product Number: 51320-14591-SG

Author: Jody Hoshowski, Paul Barnes, Rolando Perez Pineiro, Alyn Jenkins, Tore Nordvik

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Mitigating oil and gas production with chemical inhibitors is challenging when high temperature (>120°C) and H2S is present. The high temperatures associated with deep wells and thermal recovery methods demand an advancement in conventional inhibitor technologies. Traditional organic inhibitors struggle to protect carbon steel assets lending them susceptible to localized corrosion in sour environments. These environments require inhibitors with a combined thermal stability and persistency to provide uniform filming and corrosion protection.

For high temperature corrosion applications imidazoline chemistry ranks highly as a chemistry likely to be able to mitigate corrosion at elevated temperatures. However, at temperatures between 120 and 150°C performance is very system specific while over 150°C performance can be severely limited. An extensive in-house screening program was undertaken which identified a generic chemistry (pyrimidine) that exhibited the required performance characteristics up to 175°C for a variety of field applications. Based on this work, several other materials exhibited performance benefits for alternate applications, for instance high temperature, deep water applications. Laboratory testing of the novel corrosion inhibitors at high temperatures, also highlighted the limitations of corrosion test methodologies for evaluating inhibitors under extreme conditions.

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The Development of Novel Laboratory Test Method for Scale Inhibitor Evaluation in the Presence of Ferrous Iron

Product Number: 51320-14443-SG

Author: Haiping Lu, Zhenning Gu, Johnathon Brooks, Gina Beans, Stephen Heath, Daniel Bestgen, Dong Lee, Joe Penkala

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Ferrous iron is typically present in the brines of oil and gas production. Soluble iron is considered to adversely affect the performance of scale inhibitors against calcium carbonate scale. However, it is particularly difficult to prevent the oxidation of ferrous iron to form ferric iron with even trace amounts of oxygen in laboratory testing conditions. The oxide species of ferric iron have less solubility than the ferrous iron, and ferric hydroxide may adsorb scale inhibitors on its surface. Therefore, the presence of ferrous iron in laboratory testing poses a challenge for evaluating its effect on scale inhibitor performance. Recently, Kinetic Turbidity Test (KTT) has become a more recognized testing method for scale inhibitor evaluation. It is a novel laboratory test method using an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to monitor the formation of scales at various dosages of tested products as a function of reaction time. In the presence of ferrous iron, in order to keep oxygen away from the ambient environment during the test, the instrument was placed into an anaerobic chamber for maintaining low level of oxygen environment (< 1 ppm O2 in the chamber) during the testing process. This paper presents the approach to conduct KTT in the present of ferrous iron, and compares the testing data with and without ferrous irons on scale inhibitor performance by KTT and anaerobic bottle testing for both calcite and calcium sulfate inhibition. The selected inhibitor chemistries include four different types of phosphonates (Phosphonate A, B, C, and D) and five polymer inhibitors (Polymer A, B, C, D, E). Results show that KTT provides an efficient and data-driven approach for evaluating scale inhibitor performance in the presence of ferrous iron. The mechanisms of scale formation and scale inhibitor performance under the effects of iron were discussed. This paper provides insight for scale treatment chemistry and dosage in the presence of iron.

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The Development of Novel Laboratory Test Method on Evaluation of Scale Inhibition and Dispersancy for Cooling Water Applications

Product Number: 51320-14491-SG

Author: Haiping Lu, Tim Underwood, Zhenning Gu, Bingbing Gu

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Scale control is vital for cooling water operations, and evaluation of best-fit scale inhibitors for the application is essential, for the scale treatment. One of the traditional test methods for industrial water scale inhibitor screening is static bottle testing. Recently, in other industries, Kinetic Turbidity Test (KTT) has gained more acceptance for scale inhibitor evaluation. KTT uses an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to monitor scale formation at various dosages of tested products, as function of reaction time. The technology can provide minimum dosage recommendations for the treatment with selected inhibitors, and give the insight on scale formation kinetics and mechanism, under the effects of different types of scale inhibitors.

Polymer dispersancy in waters with particulates such as iron oxide and clay, is also an important characteristic to evaluate, in systems with high levels of suspended solids or fine particles. Previously(currently), this testing was conducted in bottles where the turbidity of solutions were measured by pipette transfer to a cuvette and turbidity meter, providing one data point at a certain time. Kinetic turbidity testing can continuously and simultaneously monitor and record turbidity changes with time, under the effects of various polymer dispersants and dosages. This capability provides more thorough and objective data, for scale control product evaluation.
This paper presents the approach to evaluate scale control chemistries for industrial applications by KTT, and compares the KTT test data, with bottle test results. The laboratory testing results show that KTT provides a fast and data-driven approach for evaluating performance of scale inhibitors and dispersants.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance