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The Development of Mercaptan Scavenging Test Methods and the Evaluation of Scavenger Chemistries

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Despite its volatility the petroleum industry is still one of the leading sectors in the world economy in terms of revenue and job creation. The global oil and gas market size reached $5,870.13 billion in 2021 and there is optimism that it will surpass that mark in 2025 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6%. To make this prediction possible it is important to ensure the continuous flow of oil and gas by implementing an efficient integrity management system to avoid pipeline failures.

Product Number: 51323-18839-SG
Author: Jody Hoshowski, Alyn Jenkins, Adnan Alhammoud, Rolando Perez Pineiro
Publication Date: 2023
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Mercaptans are volatile organosulfur compounds produced in natural environments and together with H2S, constitute the most common sulfur-containing contaminants present in sour crude oil and natural gas condensate. One of the most viable options for removing low quantities of mercaptan, usually below 200 ppm, is the use of mercaptan scavengers. In particular, those scavengers referred to as nonregenerative because they react irreversibly to thiol species and convert them to a more inert form. They can be applied in batches in a liquid or solid form inside bubble towers or packed bed scrubbers but also via continuous direct injection into the produced fluids. Although in most cases the methods of screening H2S or mercaptan scavengers are the same, there is no detailed study in the literature of the experimental challenges associated with their use in the presence of a mixture of mercaptans and different test fluids. To address this issue, a laboratory apparatus was used to simulate an inline scavenger injection test. The system supplies a constant stream of a gas mixture comprised of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl mercaptan at a fixed amount through the test fluid comprised of water or hydrocarbon until a steady state concentration in the fluid is achieved. By studying the solubility profiles of the mercaptan mixture in aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids the most adequate test conditions to perform the inline injection experiment including temperature, gas flow rate, and scavenger concentration were determined. This optimization process allowed us to simultaneously calculate the scavenger uptake of different chemistries for each alkyl mercaptan in one single test. The results provide a better view of the behaviour and efficiency of mercaptan scavengers in conditions closer to those found in the oilfield.

Mercaptans are volatile organosulfur compounds produced in natural environments and together with H2S, constitute the most common sulfur-containing contaminants present in sour crude oil and natural gas condensate. One of the most viable options for removing low quantities of mercaptan, usually below 200 ppm, is the use of mercaptan scavengers. In particular, those scavengers referred to as nonregenerative because they react irreversibly to thiol species and convert them to a more inert form. They can be applied in batches in a liquid or solid form inside bubble towers or packed bed scrubbers but also via continuous direct injection into the produced fluids. Although in most cases the methods of screening H2S or mercaptan scavengers are the same, there is no detailed study in the literature of the experimental challenges associated with their use in the presence of a mixture of mercaptans and different test fluids. To address this issue, a laboratory apparatus was used to simulate an inline scavenger injection test. The system supplies a constant stream of a gas mixture comprised of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl mercaptan at a fixed amount through the test fluid comprised of water or hydrocarbon until a steady state concentration in the fluid is achieved. By studying the solubility profiles of the mercaptan mixture in aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids the most adequate test conditions to perform the inline injection experiment including temperature, gas flow rate, and scavenger concentration were determined. This optimization process allowed us to simultaneously calculate the scavenger uptake of different chemistries for each alkyl mercaptan in one single test. The results provide a better view of the behaviour and efficiency of mercaptan scavengers in conditions closer to those found in the oilfield.

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Picture for Comparison of Laboratory Based H2S Scavenger Methodologies for Oil and Gas Production
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Comparison of Laboratory Based H2S Scavenger Methodologies for Oil and Gas Production

Product Number: 51321-16503-SG
Author: Jody Hoshowski/ Øystein Birketveit/ Aiman Kamaruzaman/ Alyn Jenkins/ Rachael Cole / Tore Nordvik
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Interpreting H2S Scavenger Laboratory Test Results Using A Kinetic Model

Product Number: 51322-17844-SGG
Author: Jose Vera
Publication Date: 2022
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H2S scavengers (SC) are commonly injected into multiphase pipelines transporting oil, water, and gas when the H2S concentration is relatively low (ppm levels) but higher than the maximum allowable H2S concentration in systems located downstream, due to integrity, safety or tariff limitations. Under these situations, it is expected that the H2S scavenger injected in some points of the system (e.g., subsea) be capable of reducing the H2S concentration before reaching certain parts of the system (e.g., topsides). In this case, the H2S scavenger should be selected not only based on its capacity, but also on its kinetics at the expected field conditions.
Picture for AISI 420/410 Modified Martensitic Stainless Steel bar Stock Materials Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) Resistance in Mildly Sour Environments
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AISI 420/410 Modified Martensitic Stainless Steel bar Stock Materials Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) Resistance in Mildly Sour Environments

Product Number: 51323-18759-SG
Author: Roberto Morana, Lee Smith, Perry Nice, Lucrezia Scoppio, Marc Müller, Karola Klenke, Roberta Prencipe, Luciana Intiso
Publication Date: 2023
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Martensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS) is widely used for downhole production tubing and liners in the Oil & Gas industry. Optimization of the tubular material chemistry, cleanliness and manufacturing route has delivered useful performance in H2S-containing environments (specifically SSC and stress corrosion cracking [SCC])3 resistance4,5,6. Some tubular accessories and most completion equipment require sizes not readily delivered by tubular product form. In these instances, bar stock material is a pragmatic choice.
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