AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Sol-Rec2: Recycle of Multicomponent, Multilayer Systems towards Sustainable Waste Management

Product Number: 51324-20837-SG

Author: Adamantini Loukodimou; Christopher Lovell; Kranthi Maniam; Adriana Castro Vargas; George Theodosopoulos; Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Recycling flexible packaging multi-materials such as blister packs and food packaging laminates is critical if we are to reduce the severe environmental effect of plastic waste. The purpose of the experimental work was to develop a series of non-toxic, stable, deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ionic liquids (ILs) for the separation and the recovery of polymer-aluminium laminates. Studies identified a number of DESs and ILs that could be used to successfully delaminate three common aluminium containing packaging laminates thereby enabling complete separation and recovery of the constituent plastic and aluminium layers. Analyses of the corrosion and/or dissolution behaviour of aluminium in the DESs and ILs found such effects to be limited towards the recyclability/uprecyclability of the aluminium.

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Soluble Salt Contamination: Testing and Cleaning before Coating

Product Number: 51324-20827-SG

Author: Cortney Chalifoux; Alec Kraynak

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper focuses on the often-overlooked issue of soluble salt contamination testing and removal during surface preparation prior to coating application. Soluble salts, including chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates, left on the surface prior to coating application can lead to osmotic blistering, corrosion, and coating failures. Several standards provide methods to test for soluble salts. However, there is no industry consensus on acceptable contamination levels given the diversity of coating systems and environments. This paper serves as a guide intended to shed light on the specific issue of soluble salt contamination, particularly on carbon steel surfaces. By addressing the nuances and challenges posed by soluble salt contaminants, this paper aims to equip engineers and professionals in the field with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complexities of surface preparation and ensure the integrity and longevity of coating systems on carbon steel surfaces.

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Solvent-free Vinyl-Ester Lining Systems for Severe Corrosion Protection

Product Number: 51323-19253-SG

Author: Daniel Kessler, Ralph Marcks, Stefanie Dutschke-Wortmann, Christian Dutschke, Iris Zwick

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Handling, storing and processing of hazardous chemicals are important tasks not only in chemical industry globally but also in many other production facilities, e.g. automotive, energy, pharmaceutical. Different types of resistant linings are used prevent corrosion of plants and equipment, to protect against possible leakages, to prevent unforeseen downtimes and to guarantee environmental protection. Depending on the individual chemical, thermal and mechanical conditions within the local production environment different materials are used as internal linings in process or storage vessels, as floorings, as sealing layers, e.g. Epoxy Resins (EP), Polyurethane Resins (PU), Polyester Resins (UP), Polymethylmethacrylic Resins (PMMA), Furanic or Phenolic Resins (FU / PF).

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Solving Challenges in CP and Coating Surveys Through Technology Advancements

Product Number: MECC23-20064-SG

Author: Ashish Khera, P.Eng., Himanshu Joshi, Mohamed Ramadan, Bidyut Baniah C.Eng., Wael Bata

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Pipelines are laid in the harshest of environments. From enduring extreme heat in sandy environments to sub-zero temperatures near the Arctic Circle, pipelines have primarily two layers of defence – Coating and Cathodic Protection (CP), for managing the external integrity.

Majority of the traditional aboveground CP and Coating survey techniques being utilized in the industry are offered with several hurdles – the most important being the authenticity of the datasets being collected.

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Some Effects Of Surface Finish And LWR Environment On Environmentally-Assisted Crack Initiation In Alloy 182

Product Number: ED22-18329-SG

Author: M. Vankeerberghen, R.-W. Bosch, A. Dinu, M. Grimm, A. Hojná, P. J. Meadows, R. Novotny, F. Perosanz, Z. Que, S. Ritter, F. Scenini, A. Toivonen, L. Volpe, B. Zajec

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) of nickel-base alloys has been observed in the primary coolant of light water reactors (LWRs). One of the main issues is primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) of Alloy 182 which has been a concern for a long time. For assumed or existing defects, disposition curves (crack growth rate as function of stress intensity factor) are available.

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Sometime More Is Just More: THPS Biocide Laboratory Kill Study on Wildtype Sulfate Reducing Bacteria.

Product Number: 51323-18858-SG

Author: J. Fajt

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) is a very common active ingredient in oil and gas biocides. While product labels provide broad guidelines application dosing the lowest effective dose of THPS is difficult to determine. Site water chemistry and bacteria biology variability will affect the dose need to achieve the desired level of bacteria population control. For these reasons biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of treatments before application.

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Sour Crack Initiation and Propagation Assessment of P110 and Q125RY Casing Materials in Mild Sour Conditions

Product Number: 51324-20617-SG

Author: M. Yunovich; B.D. Chambers; B.J.C. Thomas

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Currently, API 5CT P110 and Q125 grades are not suitable for sour-service per ANSI/NACE MR0175 / ISO15156 below 175°F and 225°F, respectively; however, there are indications that the materials can be resistant to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) under certain conditions where a combination of hydrogen sulfide concentration, applied stress, pH, and temperature results in a less severe environment. The primary driver behind the work was to identify an acceptable combination of the above variables that could enable the use of P110 and restricted yield Q125 (Q125RY) grades in mildly sour wells. The scope of work included testing three heats each of grades of seamless P110 and Q125RY casing/coupling stock; the tested heats were received from multiple manufacturers. The P110 materials were evaluated using Method A per NACE TM0177 Standard Test Method at varying temperatures (24°, 40°, 48° and 60°C) and partial pressures/fugacities of hydrogen sulfide (0.14, 0.5, and 1 psi); all materials were tested via NACE TM0177 Method D at ambient conditions and 0.14 psi of H2S partial pressure to establish resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) initiation and crack propagation.

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Sour Service Qualification of Carbon Steels (SMYS 450 MPa) and Their Welds Considering Field H2S Fugacity / Dissolved H2S Concentration - Qualification at Design and Atmospheric Pressure

Product Number: 51324-20609-SG

Author: Jiangnan (Hugh) Zhang; Ramesh Rao; Felipe Ramirez; Adam Darwin

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) qualification program was conducted for carbon steel components (piping, flanges, and fittings with SMYS 450 MPa) and its welds for an offshore facility piping system that may carry off-spec gas in the event of a temporary malfunction of the dehydration and H2S removal units. The off-spec sour gas may contain 22% mol CO2 (pCO2 73 bara) and 6,700 ppm H2S (pH2S 2.22 bara) at a total pressure of 332 bara and temperature of 24 °C with condensed water pH of 3.2. The SSC qualification program included two parts. Part I involved testing at 332 bara using batch-loaded high-pressure autoclaves based on H2S fugacity (fH2S) as permitted by NACE MR175/ISO 15156-2. Part II involved testing at atmospheric pressure by matching the predicted dissolved H2S concentration of the aqueous phase (cH2S) and by matching the predicted fH2S of the gas. Part I and Part II tests were conducted using the same set-up (NACE TM0177 Method A tensile) and stress (75% AYS). Hardness readings taken at the base material (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM) were below 250 HV10 near the root and mid-section of the rings (with couple of single reading exceptions along the HAZ for the rings involving flanges and fittings). Hence, most of the tested carbon steel rings could have been considered suitable for sour service through compliance with NACE MR0175 /ISO 15156-2. Nevertheless, post-examination of test specimens revealed susceptibility to SSC in both Part I and Part II tests. These lab results suggest that NACE MR0175 /ISO 15156-2 guidance on carbon steel SSC resistance, which is based on hardness, is not always conservative.

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Sour Under-Deposit Corrosion With Different Iron Sulfides

Product Number: 51321-16703-SG

Author: J. Kvarekvål; M. Tjelta

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Spatial Variation Analysis Of Localized Corrosion Of Steel Bar With Spectral Analysis Technique

Product Number: 51322-17792-SG

Author: Fujian Tang, Lizhi Zhao, Hong-Nan Li, Zhibin Lin, Hong Pan, Els Verstrynge, Charlotte Van Steen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures usually experiences two stages: pitting corrosion initiation and propagation.1-2 Initiation of pitting corrosion occurs as the chloride content on the surface of a steel bar exceeds a critical value (or chloride threshold) and breaks down the passive film locally.^3-4 Depending on environmental factors at the steel-concrete interface, such as temperature, moisture, and availability of oxygen, pitting corrosion initiation is not stable in the very beginning and some corrosion pits may continue to develop and become stable, while others cease.

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Special Forgings. Technical and Quality Requirements Supplementary to Standard

Product Number: MPWT19-15297

Author: Ricardo Hernández Soto, Abdullah M. Al-Rumaih

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Long weld neck flanges, self-reinforced forged connections (SRCs), forged Y-rings and other special
forgings are widely used in pressure-vessel fabrications for Oil and Gas industry. ASTM(1) A-350 LF2
Class 1 is one of the most common materials specified for these tailor-made components, especially for
SRCs on pressure vessels with toughness requirements, as this material warranties 20 Joules (average
of three specimens) at -46 ºC. However, in recent years there has been growing concern in the industry
as a result of the increasing number of cases of low toughness and low tensile strength issues with
materials certified as ASTM A-350 LF2. This is fostering the definition of additional requirements to the
ASTM to minimize the risk.
The complexity of the metallurgical processes involved in mechanical properties deterioration, where
multiple variables interact, mandates to implement control majors during the fabrication of ASTM A-350
forging materials. This paper introduces some guidelines to enhance the quality control and mechanical
testing reliability in the certification process of special forgings carried out by manufacturers. These
guidelines can be applied to not only to those made of ASTM A-350, but also to ASTM A-266 and ASTM
A-765

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Specially Developed Welding Consumables for Pipeline Welding Applications

Product Number: MPWT19-14364

Author: MPWT19-14364

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Apart from the well-tried cellulosic electrodes, in the range from E6010-E9010, there are
also low hydrogen grades of weld consumables, which are used in vertical downhill
position - commonly called as BVD (Basic Vertical Down) electrodes. In addition, the
seamless flux cored wires, are gaining prominence in the welding industry as a better
solution compared to the conventional cellulosic electrodes.
The development of BVD electrodes started because of the desire to use high-strength
TM pipe steels with relatively high toughness (e.g. X80). Cellulosic electrodes could not
meet the requirements for cold crack resistance and high toughness properties of the
weld metal. To a high degree, economical efficiency is determined by the achievable
deposition rate and the possible welding speeds. In comparison to basic vertical-up
electrodes, significant time advantage of 40-50% can be achieved with the use of BVD
electrodes for the fill and cap layers.
Seamless Flux Cored wires for pipeline applications follow a different manufacturing
approach compared to the conventional folded techniques and are much reliable with
consistent performance in terms of weldability and quality. The seamless FCAW wires,
offers a unique and trustworthy solution in terms of arc stability and low defect rates.
These wires are also suitable to be used under sour service applications having been
tested for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and Sulfide Stress Cracking applications.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance