AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Storage Well Cathodic Protection Comparative Assessment

Product Number: 51322-17647-SG

Author: Daniel Fingas, Jean-Patrick Boudreault, Bradley Jefferies

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

When two long-time operators of natural gas storage wells in southwestern Ontario merged, it was an opportune time for the combined company to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of cathodic protection (CP). Staff from both legacy operators expressed general satisfaction with the longevity of their storage wells, typically 30+ years, but they had relied on two different approaches to corrosion control: one had isolated wells from flowlines and operated without CP, while the second had resistively bonded wells to cathodically protected flowlines. For the second operator, typical well currents were in the range of ~3 A.

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Strain Hardened Austenitic Corrosion Resistant Alloys’ Susceptibility to Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking

Product Number: 51323-19235-SG

Author: Amrinder P.S. Dhillon, Xu Lu, Roy Johnsen, Ida Westermann

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Several offshore field failures in recent years have been attributed to Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) of high strength, highly corrosion resistant Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys (PHNA’s) such as UNS N07716, UNS N07718 and UNS N07725.

Hence, HISC is a constant concern regarding subsea components subjected to high tensile stress, and the industry is searching for solutions to their technical needs: High strength corrosion resistant alloys (CRA’s) resistant to seawater (high Pitting Resistance Equivalent number (PREN)) but also resistant to HISC.

For PHNA’s, improved processing (chemical composition limits and processing temperatures) and improved quality control methods as well as refined acceptance criteria are all under consideration.

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Strategies to Control and Minimize Corrosion and HIC Damage Found in Amine Absorber HIC Resistant Steels

Product Number: MECC23-20093-SG

Author: Gerrit M Buchheim, P.E.; Olavo C Dias

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

As environmental sulfur limits become more stringent, there has been a recent surge in preferential and localized corrosion in amine units. This has occurred even with HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) resistant steels and in equipment where velocity limits are not exceeded.
Amine absorbers and associated rich amine piping particularly around the welds, downcomers and other turbulent locations are particularly vulnerable.

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Stray Current Corrosion Risks and Case Histories in Communication Tower and Electric Transmission Applications

Product Number: 51320-14770-SG

Author: Anil Kumar Chikkam, Freddy Avendano and Peyman Taheri, Mehrooz Zamanzadeh, Nitesh Ahuja, Kevin Groll, Ben Jessup

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Stray current refers to electric current that flows elsewhere rather than along its intended path. Stray current is a well-known factor in pipeline maintenance and has been discovered to be an important consideration in communication and electric transmission structure maintenance. Corrosion caused by stray current is frequently many magnitudes greater than corrosion that occurs naturally in soil. Stray current may accelerate corrosion on guy anchors of communication towers and electric transmission towers which could lead to reduced service life or catastrophic failure.

In this paper, stray current corrosion risk for galvanized guy anchors is discussed in detail. Identification by structure-to-soil potential measurements is discussed. Stray current case studies are presented. Overall, this paper demonstrates that while stray current corrosion is a significant risk for guyed telecommunication and electric power structures, it can be detected and mitigated. This paper is an overview of the commonly accepted practices of stray current detection and mitigation used today.

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Stray Current Interference Simulation and Mitigation Associated with Light Rail Transit (LRT) Systems and Adjacent Metallic Pipelines – A Case Study

Product Number: 51323-18926-SG

Author: Boshra Momen Nejad, Jeffrey Delorme, Brandon Miller

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

During operation of DC rail transit systems, DC current will follow the path of least resistance when returning to the Traction Power Substations (TPSS) to complete the electrical circuit. If the track-to-earth resistance (resistance between the train rails and surrounding soil) is not sufficient, current can leak off the LRT track system into the surrounding soil. Metallic facilities such as pipelines in the soil offer lower resistance paths for the current while returning to the TPSS.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Electrochemical Corrosion Study of Cold Formed Alloy 625 (UNS N06625) In Extremely Low pH and High Chloride Conditions

Product Number: 51322-17782-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Sri Krishna Chimbli

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Alloy 625 (UNS N06625) is an austenitic solid solution strengthened nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy containing niobium. The high alloy content of alloy 625 enables it to withstand a wide variety of severe corrosive environments. In mild environments, such as ambient atmosphere, fresh and seawater, neutral salts and alkaline media, there is almost no attack.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking And Hydrogen Embrittlement of High-Strength Non-Magnetic Alloys In Hot Concentrated Brines

Product Number: 86162-SG

Author: J. G. Erlings, H.W. de Groot, J.F.M. van Roy

Publication Date: 1986

$20.00

Unexpected brittle failures of UNS NO5500 drill string parts and non-magnetic drill collars have recently been observed in cases where the UNS NO5500 components were galvanically coupled to carbon steel in concentrated salt solutions at temperatures between ambient and higher than 373 K. Cracking occured preferable at locations with a tri-axial stress condition (roots of threads) and has been ascribed to hydrogen embrittlement.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour Of Thermally Aged Alloy 182

Product Number: ED22-17291-SG

Author: Siddharth Suman, Hans-Peter Seifert, Philippe Spätig, Stefan Ritter

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Alloy 182 is an austenitic (FCC) nickel base Ni-Cr-Fe-Mn weld metal that is used as a weld filler or weld pad metal to join stainless steel reactor internals, reactor instrumentation penetrations and main coolant piping to the low-alloy steel reactor pressure vessel. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in alloy 182 dissimilar welds is one of the most important material degradation problems and an ongoing issue in boiling (BWR) and pressurized water reactors (PWR) world-wide with potential safety concerns.
Thermally activated preferential local ordering (unlike atom pairs is greater than that in a random solution) of elements within a lattice, over spatial dimensions that are typically on the order of a few nearest neighbor spacing 20 to 50 Å (2 to 5 nm) is referred as short range ordering (SRO). SRO causes lattice contraction and induces additional stress which is claimed as the driving force for SCC in the alloy 600, alloy 690, and alloy 182.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Grade 347 and Duplex Grade 2205 Stainless Steels in Refinery Simulated Media Containing Hydrogen Sulfide and Chloride

Product Number: 51320-14406-SG

Author: K. Ravindranath, B. Al-Wakaa, R. Alazemi, N. Tanoli

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Stabilized austenitic stainless steel (SS) grade 347 is used extensively in high-temperature processes in the petroleum refining industry, while duplex SS (DSS) grade 2205 is a relatively newer material in the industry. Though these grades of SSs perform well in refinery process streams, there are incidents of failure of process equipment attributable to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The paper deals with a study on the cracking susceptibility of SS grade 347 and DSS grade 2205 in refinery simulated process environments containing hydrogen sulfide and chloride. The paper also reports the electrochemical behavior of these SSs in the medium containing hydrogen sulfide and chloride. The electrochemical behavior of the alloys was assessed by cyclic polarization experiments. Slow strain rate test (SSRT) was used to evaluate the susceptibility of the alloys to SCC. The cyclic polarization studies indicate that the H2S – chloride synergism had a pronounced effect on the localized corrosion susceptibility of 347 SS, while the effect was marginal on the alloy DSS 2205. The SCC susceptibility of 347 SS and DSS 2205 is strongly influenced by hydrogen sulfide-chloride synergism. Initiation of corrosion pits and the sulfidation of active pits due to the synergism were the important steps in the initiation of SCC.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking Testing Of Laboratory Processed 304/304L Stainless Steel Elbows And Pipe

Product Number: ED22-18591-SG

Author: Denise J Paraventi, Justin R Hesterberg, Tyler E Moss, and Stephen C Healey

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels, while not as prevalent as that in nickelbased alloys such as Alloy 600 and Alloys 82/182, has been observed in the primary system of commercial pressurized water reactors. These instances of SCC have been associated with water chemistry issues and/or occluded regions; however, in many cases high levels of cold work were also present in the material as well.

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Stress Cracking and Fatigue Resistance of Seamless Pipes for Hydrogen Storage and Transport Applications

Product Number: 51323-19050-SG

Author: Florian Thebault, Laurent Delattre, Vincent Designolle

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hydrogen gas is called to play a key role in the energy transition and initiatives needed for a
decarbonization of the economy. Initially, assets for energy storage and transport were developed and qualified for the purpose of the oil and gas industry, especially natural gas. Repurposing of existing assets for the use of hydrogen gas, or creation of new dedicated hydrogen transport and storage infrastructure, is a great challenge for future hydrogen projects. It includes the qualification of steel materials under
hydrogen gas environment.

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Stress Relaxation Cracking Of Thin Alloy 800/800H Electric Heater Tubular Heating Elements

Product Number: 51322-17921-SG

Author: Iyad Al-Buraiki, Mohammed Abu Alsaud, Sadiq Al-Ismail

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Stress relaxation cracking (SRC) is a failure mechanism known to occur in austenitic stainless steels and nickel alloys operating at moderate to high temperatures.

Typically, SRC failures tend to occur under the following conditions: ^1-6 1. Susceptible material: 800H, 347H, 617, etc. (typically materials with low creep ductility) 2. High residual stresses: Hardness > 200 HV (welded thick section) 3. Specific temperature range: usually between 500 °C (932 °F) and 750 °C (1382 °F).

Under these conditions, component stresses are relieved by time dependent inelastic deformation.3 In susceptible materials, this process occurs by intergranular cracking and is essentially a creep mechanism.^2-6 In this respect, materials with low creep ductility tend to be prone to this type of damage mechanism. On the other hand, materials that have good creep ductility can tolerate the inelastic strains due to relaxation without cracking.³

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Association for Materials Protection and Performance