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Strontium Effect on Sulfate Scale Precipitation: Kinetics and Inhibition

Product Number: 51320-14608-SG

Author: Yue Zhao, Alex Yi-Tsung Lu, Xin Wang, Chong Dai, Samridhdi Paudyal, Saebom Ko, Guannan Deng, Sana Mateen, Amy T Kan, Mason Tomson

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The multicomponents of the produced water often results in the formation of the solid solution, such as BaxSr1-xSO4. The suspended solids collected from industry often show the presence of Sr2+ in the BaSO4 scale, indicating the formation of BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution. Thus, it is important to study the solubility, kinetics and inhibition of the solid solution to have a better prediction of the sulfate scale deposition rate and amount.
In this research, we will mainly focus on the effect of the incorporation of Sr2+ on the deposition rate of BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution scale. The flow through system with two different reactors was used in the experiments. From the experimental results, we can find that the deposition rate of the BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution decreased significantly with the increase of strontium concentration at a constant barium sulfate supersaturation. The deposition rate decreased up to six times when strontium concentration in aqueous phase increased from [Sr2+] = 0.5[Ba2+] to [Sr2+] = 8[Ba2+], all with SIBarite = 0.9. The decrease of the SI of the BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution was found with the increase of Sr2+ in the aqueous phase. This might be the reason for the retardation of Sr2+ on BaxSr1-xSO4 deposition rate.

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Structural FRP Applications on Topside Projects – How do CAPEX and OPEX costs really compare to conventional carbon steel?

Product Number: MPWT19-15325

Author: Simon Eves

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Offshore projects today are demanding ever more reductions in both CapEx and OpEx. Tertiary structural products (eg handrails, gratings, ladders and platforms) made in steel may at first seem to be the lowest cost option, but steel is heavy and eventually suffers from corrosion which can be a significant drain on budgets and resources.
The benefits of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) tertiary structural products for offshore oil and gas projects can be very significant, with substantial weight reduction, lower installation costs and minimal maintenance. But how can these recognized FRP benefits against steel be translated into actual CapEx and OpEx savings when used in oil and gas projects?
This aim of this paper is to offer answer to this question, by presenting a study of the projected Whole Life Cost and Value Proposition for the MARRS Offshore FRP Handrail using data drawn from the recent BP Clair Ridge Project.

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Structure And Related Effectiveness Of Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51322-18157-SG

Author: Oussama Zenasni, Maria D Marquez, Philip Thornthwaite, John N. Scholz

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Opportunity crudes are generally defined as petroleum crudes bearing a high level of sulfur, metals, or total acid number (TAN). These crudes are typically offered at a discounted value. Thus, refining such crudes carries with it a lucrative incentive. However, due to the above-mentioned characteristics, processing such crudes presents numerous operational challenges as well, such as naphthenic acid corrosion, which is commonly associated with the high TAN content in these crudes. In refinery units such as the crude distillation tower, these carboxylic acids react with the iron atoms of the metal surfaces to produce oil soluble iron carboxylates.^1,2 The continued formation of such complexes would then erode the metal surface. Equipment failure due to such corrosion results in shutting down a large segment or the entire refinery. Therefore, establishing a means for mitigating this type of corrosion is paramount for processing crude oils with an elevated TAN due to naphthenic acids.

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Study into the Cause of Failure of a Ductile Iron Water Pipe

Product Number: 51324-20696-SG

Author: Walter T. Young; Jeffrey Wells; Erin Nelson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Campbell County Utilities and Services Authority in Lynchburg, VA installed a 12-inch ductile iron water pipe in 2008. It is the main water supply to the Concord area of Campbell County and Appomattox, VA. Since 2018, 16 leaks have occurred on the pipe within a two-mile length concentrated at two general locations. The pipe parallels fiber optic communications cables on both sides of the street but has no other potential interference sources. The pipe is cement mortar lined but is not externally coated, bonded or cathodically protected. A study was performed to determine the cause(s) of the leaks and the most appropriate remediation. The study consisted of soil resistivity and potential gradient measurements along the pipe run and excavation of the pipe in the most aggressive area and removal of a length of pipe for detailed inspection and chemical, metallurgical, and mechanical testing. This paper describes the study results in detail and the mitigation recommendations.

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Study Of 100% Solid Liquid Epoxy Pipeline Coatings In Low Temperature Application: Curing Reaction Versus Performance Characteristics

Product Number: 51321-16783-SG

Author: Shan Rao; Haralampos Tsaprailis; Jiajun (Jeff) Liang

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Study of HIC Cracking and Raw Material Failure during Manufacturing of ERW Pipes

Product Number: MPWT19-15032

Author: Ahmed M. Al-Maghlouth1, Mohammed S. Al-Sultan, Yasser S. Al-Subhi, Khalid M. Ba Bakri

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

In this paper, a detailed analysis was performed on weld longitudinal cracks (Weld Bond Cracks can be mistaken for Hydrogen Induced (HIC) cracks.) appeared after HIC testing of Electric Resistance Weld pipes (ERW) 8”-16” NPS 0.375”-0.5” WT carbon steel grade X60 which was welded using a 150-hertz induction heating has been studied in relation the development of hydrogen induced cracking. A comprehensive experiment and testing was done to evaluate both mechanical and microstructural properties of the cracks. The result of the study indicates that raw material failure to meet HIC resistance requirements may appear on the ERW welded pipes due to Steel re-oxidation, Low tundish level, and Double calcium treatment during steel making

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Study Of Inhibition Efficiency Of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors In the Presence Of Heptane

Product Number: 51322-18003-SG

Author: Maryam Eslami, Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Top of the line corrosion (TLC) is a phenomenon encountered in the transportation of wet gas, where temperature differences between the pipelines and the surroundings lead to condensation of water and subsequent metal degradation. This kind of corrosion occurs due to the condensation of saturated vapors present in the unprocessed gas stream which collects on the internal surface of the cold pipe wall. The condensed liquid contains hydrocarbons and water. It forms a thin film and/or droplets of liquid on the pipeline. The condensed water phase can be, at least initially, very corrosive to typical pipeline (made of carbon steel), because it contains dissolved acid gases (such as carbon dioxide [CO₂] and hydrogen sulfide [H₂S]) and organic acids (such as acetic acid [CH₃COOH]).¹

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Study of Localized Crevice Corrosion of Super Martensitic and Duplex Stainless Steels Exposed to Typical Environments of Reinjection Water for Injection Wells

Product Number: 51324-20957-SG

Author: Marilia Mendonça de Lima; Luciana Lima; Rogaciano M. Moreira; André Ferreira Lázaro; Aline Gomes

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Water reinjection wells improve the oil recovery and normally consist of tubing made mainly in Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) with a minimum PREN of 40. Experimental data have supported the susceptibility of these steels to localized corrosion, with dissolved oxygen content (DOC), salinity, temperature and pH as main factors for the corrosion process. A study was carried out exposing Super Martensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS), Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS and SDSS) to seawater (DOC: 500ppb; Cl-: 24,000ppm) and produced water (DOC: 10/50ppb; Cl-: 165,000ppm) for 15 days. The samples were assembled simulating a crevice condition between similar (steel/steel) and dissimilar (steel/Inconel 718) materials and were immersed in the corrosive environment saturated with specific gas mixture in autoclaves. The results indicated that dissimilarity promotes the highest incidence of crevice corrosion regardless of the DOC. Produced water increased crevice corrosion susceptibility compared to seawater. Despite the reduction of DOC, the increase in chloride, H2S and organic acid, and the pH reduction in the produced water intensified crevice corrosion susceptibility.

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Study of Minimal Surface Preparation for Various Patch Repair Coating Products Applied under the Minimum Allowable Temperatures

Product Number: 51324-21005-SG

Author: Shan (Sherry) Rao; Da Kuang; Connor McManus

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Patch repair coating products provide cost-effective solutions for restoring small to medium-sized damages in mainline coatings to extend the lifespan of pipelines. Some coating products are specially designed to tolerate reduced surface conditions while providing the adequate corrosion protection performance. Due to easy mobilization and relatively inexpensive, power tool cleaning is commonly used in the field to prepare surfaces for small area repairs. During field coating work, adverse weather conditions are often encountered. However, little data were publicly available to support if the minimal surface recommended by the product data sheet (PDS) is also suitable for the coating applied under the minimum allowable temperature. In addition, the effect of the similar surface level produced by different power tools on the corrosion resistance of the same coating is rarely reported. This paper aims to address these gaps. Four commercially available coating products were selected to examine their potentials as patch repairs, including one liquid-applied epoxy coating, one butyl-based sealant product, and two viscoelastic coating products. Test samples were prepared using a rust grade C steel pipe section. Different power tools such as wire brush, rotary sander, flap disc, and bristle blaster were used to create SSPC-SP3, SSPC-SP11, and SSPC-SP15 surfaces. All four products were applied and cured at the minimum allowable temperatures specified in their respective PDS or recommended by the manufacturers. A 14-day cathodic disbondment (CD) test was employed to rule out the improper surfaces or power tools, and the next higher surface level was then considered as potentially suitable. The long-term performance characteristics of these coating products on the established minimal surfaces under the minimum allowable application temperatures were evaluated using the selected critical tests from CSA Z245.30 standards.

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Study Of Solid Particle Erosion And Electrochemical Behavior Of Graphene Enriched Ni-P Coatings

Product Number: 51321-16927-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Zoheir Farhat

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Study On Elemental Sulfur Formation From Black Powder Deposits

Product Number: 51322-17678-SG

Author: Yousef Khuraibut

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Black Powder is a phenomenon that all oil and gas companies are facing and presenting a variety of problems in associated processing equipment and pipelines, such as flow inefficiency, product contamination, wear, plugging and under deposit corrosion, among others. Another major concern is the possible formation of elemental Sulfur (S8), which could be produced as a by-product of oxidation of iron sulfides. It also can be produced from H₂S dissociation at elevated temperatures or by microbiological reactions, involving the reduction of sulfate.

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Study On Ferrite Measurement Methods For Duplex Stainless Steel, Part 2: Focus On Measurement By Ferrite Scope

Product Number: 51321-16772-SG

Author: Nozomi Satake; Mikihiro Sakata

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance