AMPP Store - NACE Conference Papers

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Field Evaluation of Cathodic Protection Index for Bare and Coated Steel in Seawater

Product Number: 51393-93528-SG

Author: V. Van Blaricum and A. Kumar

Publication Date: 1993

$20.00

Polarization measurements were conducted over a 21-year period on bare and coated steel "H" pilings 6 inch by 6 inch by 30 feet (15.2 cm by 15.2 cm by 9.1 m) installed in seawater. A DC power source was used to shift from the corrosion potential of each pile to -0.85V. The amount of potential shift was recorded as 6V. The current (6I) required to shift the potential was measured, and a nonlinear pseudoresistance (6V/6I), called the Cathodic Protection Index (CPI), was calculated. The CPI was compared with the coating condition of the steel pilings as determined visually using ASTM standards. Results of these tests will be presented and discussed.

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Field Experience Identifying and Investigating Internal Coating Failure in Water Injection Piping

Product Number: 51319-13550-SG

Author: Itoro Akrasi

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

For a highly corrosive water injection media (wasia water) which has very high total dissolve solid (TDS) and high oxidizing agents internal fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings in addition to corrosion inhibitor was provided for internal corrosion protection of water injection plant Piping.A year after start-up of water injection plant the plant started experiencing internal FBE coating failure. The failed coating were found at the strainer and recycle valve after causing high differential pressure during operation. Seven types of failed coating film were collected from the suction strainer. Comprehensive failure investigation was conducted to determine the root cause of the failure and identify the source of various failed coating films received. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were all used to identify the type of coating and their manufactures. Robotic video crawler (RVC) was used to inspect the internal coating condition for the piping system. Effect of corrosion inhibitor injection and plant operating parameters on the coatings were all reviewed and evaluated. It was concluded that improper coating application was the root cause of the failure. Keywords: Failure Investigation FBE Coating Robotic video crawler (RVC) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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Field Experience On Why Pipeline In-Line Inspections (ILI) Fail

Product Number: 51321-16884-SG

Author: Itoro L. Akrasi; Mohammad S. Hamaqi; Tawfiq I. Hathloul; Abdullah F. Almakinzi; Abdulaziz A. Naim

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Field Metallography and Replication on Liquefied Natural Gas Assets: Non-Destructive Metallurgical Testing to complement other regular Non-Destructive Tests

Product Number: 51320-15140-SG

Author: Anil Kumar Chikkam, Mehrooz Zamanzadeh, Sunil Kumar Pulagam, Ganesh P, Dhandabani, Bangaru Murali, Jeevanandam Shanmugam

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

During plant shutdown maintenance, some components cannot be removed out of service immediately for metallurgical examination due to high cost involved and loss of production hours. The best alternative is to replicate the lab based metallography work under the field conditions. Field Metallography and Replication (FMR) also known as in-situ metallography is a powerful non-destructive test (NDT) tool used to examine the microstructure of the component when it is still in service. Moreover, FMR is also used to study the microstructural alterations for the fitness for service assessment.

This paper provides case studies of materials in Natural Gas Processing facility where FMR was used as an NDT tool without sectioning the component. This paper discusses the damage mechanisms such as sigma phase embrittlement, stress relaxation cracking and creep.

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Field Testing – The Correlation Between Accelerated Laboratory Tests and Field Testing

Product Number: 51319-13154-SG

Author: Anders W. B. Skilbred

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

All protective coatings are thoroughly tested using accelerated laboratory tests. Accelerated testing has the advantage of providing data and results in a relatively short timeframe and the conditions of testing are pre-defined and controlled throughout the test. However accelerated testing also has disadvantages. Accelerated testing at e.g. tougher environmental conditions or higher temperatures may give different degradation mechanisms than at in service conditions.Field exposures can be used as a supplement to accelerated testing and can be utilized as a verification of the test setup.In this paper results from several atmospheric accelerated laboratory exposure tests for numerous protective coating systems have been compared to results obtained from up to nine years of field exposure testing in a marine environment corresponding to corrosion category C5 according to ISO 12944-2.The comparison shows varying correlation between accelerated laboratory tests and field exposures. This indicates that high performance of a coating system during accelerated laboratory testing is not necessarily predictive for high long term performance under in-service conditions. Potentially causing premature coating failures under in service conditions.The authors therefore propose ailormade test scheme for the various generic coatings and the in-service conditions and for the industry to accept a more holistic view on coating performance.

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Field Testing of Well Completion Materials in the Gulf of Thailand (GOT) Conditions

Product Number: 51319-12748-SG

Author: Silakorn Passaworn

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

PTTEP field experience in GOT and literature search suggested that the carbon steel tubing could replace 13% Cr stainless steel for well completion to some certain depth. The project Well Completion Material Optimization had therefore been applied in-house field test tools since October 2015 to verify this hypothesis.150 test coupons were installed in 7 representative wells which were selected based on production parameters contributing to metal-loss corrosion mainly due to CO2. Since temperature was assumed to have the most impact on general corrosion (metal loss) the installation positions of the test coupons were selected to simulate various temperatures by varying depths.Assessment on the field-tested coupons indicated that the coupons installed at the surface positions and some coupons installed at downhole positions were exposed to flow-assisted corrosion-erosion heavily resulting from flow velocity and turbulence. These were excluded from corrosion assessment.All the rest of the coupons could be used to assess corrosion due to CO2. Corrosion rates had been assessed to be 0.0688 mm/yr. Major corrosion protection mechanisms had been confirmed to be the formation of FeCO3 protective films. Positive results from such field testing indicated that well completion materials could be carbon steel up to some certain level.Key Words: Well Completion Material Material Testing CO2 Corrosion Corrosion Assessment

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Field Trial Findings of a Novel Sulfidogenesis Inhibitory Compound

Product Number: 51319-13168-SG

Author: Alicia Jones

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Due to its contribution to microbiologically influenced corrosion and potential HS&E consequences hydrogen sulfide (H2S) presents many challenges to oil and gas production operations. Microbiologically generated H2S is often more difficult to address because it is not present at the onset of production but becomes a problem over the course of the lifetime of a well/asset. Many different types of microbes are responsible for H2S production and reservoir souring. These microbes are capable of reducing not only sulfate but most available sulfur compounds that are present in the reservoir. A new class of compounds was recently identified and characterized in the lab as effective inhibitors or microbial sulfidogenesis. In this work we present results from a field trial conducted using one of these chemistries. The trial showed that this novel inhibitor retained activity under downhole conditions and resulted in significant reductions in the H2S produced within the reservoir as well as the levels found at the central gathering facility. These findings further support the potential of these compounds as solutions to reservoir souring and highlight the need for additional field applications.

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Fifteen Years History of Cathodic Protection of a Bank in Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Product Number: 51314-3623-SG

ISBN: 3623 2014 CP

Author: John Nicholson

Publication Date: 2014

$0.00

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Findings from a Three-year AC Corrosion Field Study

Product Number: 51319-12907-SG

Author: Sorin Segall

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A field study was conducted to determine the influence of the AC current density and of the coating holiday size on the rate of AC corrosion.This field study involved burying steel coupons of three different sizes (i.e. 1 cm2 6 cm2 and 10 cm2) applying cathodic protection to an industry standard and varying AC current densities (i.e. 20 A/m2 50 A/m2 and 100 A/m2) for a three-year period. Four sets of twelve coupons each were installed for statistical relevance. Each set contained three coupons with no AC current applied (i.e. placebos) one for each size. A special power supply cabinet was designed to provide uninterrupted DC and AC current with each coupon being energized by a separate module.At the end of the test scheduled for July 2018 the coupons will be retrieved cleaned photographed and the corrosion rate measured.This paper covers the results of the study as well as the various findings from three years of data collection including the effect of AC currents on the protection level of the coupons in clayish soils accuracy of recording DC potentials under AC interference changes in the spread impedance due to calcareous deposits and effects of very high AC voltages on the calcareous deposits.Keywords: AC corrosion AC current density holiday size DC current density polarized OFF potential AC coupons AC/DC power supply cabinet.

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Finite Element Modeling of the Hydrogen Diffusion and Ssc Failure Mechanisms of an Octg Pipe Burst Tested in a H2S Sour Environment

Product Number: 51319-12916-SG

Author: Xin Long

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A coupled hydrogen diffusion and elastic-plastic deformation finite element analysis tool was developed. The tool was used to analyze the actual hydrogen diffusion process in a notched OCTG pipe in a H2S sour environment under internal pressure loading. It was found that hydrogen generated through the chemical reaction between H2S and metal surface eventually diffuse and concentered at the pipe notch tip due to the stress concertation and local plasticity under internal pressure. The pipe starts to crack under a critical stress level with certain hydrogen concentration that can be calculated from fracture mechanics formulas. This analysis tool can be used to investigate SSC cracking mechanism of a pipe under various loading condition and sour environments. It can also be used as a fitness-for-service casing design toolfor sour wells.

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Fireproofing for Petrochemical Facilities

Product Number: 41205-202-SG

Author: Mark S. Schilling

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

Fireproofing is employed in refineries and petrochemical plants to minimize the escalation of a fire that would occur with the failure of structural supports and the overheating of pressure vessels. The damage that fire could potentially do very early on, could add significant fuel to the fire.

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Fit for Purpose Qualification of Casings in HPHT Service—A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

Product Number: 51315-5994-SG

ISBN: 5994 2015 CP

Author: Sytze Huizinga

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance