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Fitness For Purpose Evaluation Of Hydrogen Production Unit Centrifugally Cast Tubes: “Post Exposure” Metallographic And Mechanical Test

Product Number: 51321-16609-SG

Author: Marco De Marco/ Marco Palombo/ Gianluigi Cosso

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Fitness-for-Purpose HIC Testing of Heavy Wall Large-Diameter Pipes for Mildly Sour Applications in the New NACE TM0284-2016 Solution C

Product Number: 51317--8881-SG

ISBN: 8881 2017 CP

Author: Thomas Haase

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Resistance testing of low alloyed steel pipes to Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) is performed according to NACE standard TM0284. Fitness-for-purpose testing, where the appropriate environment and pressures are selected, has been included.

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Fitness-for-Purpose Research of OCTG for Underground Gas Storage Applications in H2/CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51320-14698-SG

Author: Yameng Qi, Zhonghua Zhang

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

In China, some underground gas storages (UGS) would be built to reserve the gaseous coal gas (CO, H2, CO2, H2O, etc.). Gaseous hydrogen induced hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and CO2 corrosion could possess great threat to the safety of OCTG in UGS. Fitness-for-purpose research of OCTG materials is urgently expected to screen out the suitable material for tubing application in UGS.
HE resistance and CO2 corrosion of OCTG materials (C110, 3Cr-90S, 13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S) were investigated by slow strain rate testing and weight loss tests in UGS environments containing CO2 and H2. SSRT results show that both elongation ratio and reduction in area ratio of C110, 13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S were more than 80%, except for 3Cr-90S. In addition, 3Cr-90S and 13Cr-110 tested in H2/CO2 environments possessed embrittled regions and secondary cracks, respectively. Weight loss test results show that C110 and 3Cr-90S exhibited high corrosion rates, which were classified as severe corrosion followed by qualitative categorization of corrosion rates for oil production systems in NACE RP0775. For stainless steels (13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S), the corrosion rates were very low (low corrosion). Combined with the above results, 13Cr-110S could be the suitable OCTG material for UGS containing gaseous coal gas.

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Flexible Coatings for Marine Immersion Applications

Product Number: 41205-187-SG

Author: W. D. Needham

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

The free flood areas of underwater vehicles pose a significant and expensive corrosion problem to operating forces. These areas undergo an alternating cycle of wetting and drying in a closely confined area that has regions of relatively stagnant seawater and other regions of high turbulence. The corrosion induced damage requires constant upkeep by ship’s force and frequent expensive maintenance action by depot personnel to effect periodic full restoration.

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Flow Accelerated Corrosion of Welded Small Bore A106 Carbon Steel Pipe

Product Number: 51315-5980-SG

ISBN: 5980 2015 CP

Author: Seifollah Nasrazadani

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

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Flow Induced Corrosion of Steels Exposed to Pulping Liquors

Product Number: 51315-5972-SG

ISBN: 5972 2015 CP

Author: Bedi Aydin Baykal

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

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Flowline Material Performance and Challenges in Oil and Gas sweet and sour environment

Product Number: 51320-14722-SG

Author: Amjad Kharusi, Janardhan Rao Saithala, Antonio Ojeda Macedo, Manoj Suryanarayana, Talal Nabhani, Nasser Behlani,

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Oil & Gas flowlines are paramount for safe and reliable production of hydrocarbons, ensuring their integrity is one of the key tasks for all operators. Petroleum Development of Oman (PDO) manages around 11,000 Km of flowlines and connects to production stations more than 400 wells across more than 50 fields every year. Applications for these flowlines vary from the traditional Oil & Gas transmission to other applications such as water injection, polymer flood and steam injection. All these diverse applications involve multiple operation environments ranging from benign fields with low CO2 < 0.5 mole% and minimum H2S to very aggressive environments with CO2 and H2S concentrations well above 10 mole%, combined with a wide range of salinities and water cuts, with chlorides concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 200,000 ppm and water cuts from almost nil to more than 95%. The challenges encountered in safe and economic development of these assets across such a wide range of conditions are numerous; therefore, the material selection and designed methods to manage flowlines integrity are complex with no single solution approach to address the myriad of different conditions. This paper present two cases of metallic and non-metallic materials installed in PDO flowlines showing their historical field performance and discusses the strategy adopted for the material selection of flowlines.

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Forensic Evaluation of Long-Term Galvanic Cathodic Protection of Bridge Pilings in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51320-14485-SG

Author: Douglas L. Leng, Matthew Duncan, Ivan R. Lasa

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Marine environments can be very aggressive and present significant challenges in maintaining key infrastructure from the effects of corrosion. In Florida, thousands of bridges are in coastal areas and are continually, or periodically exposed to saltwater conditions. A clear majority of these bridges were constructed using steel reinforced concrete and are supported by precast pilings situated in saltwater, so for this reason, cathodic protection is a necessary strategy for controlling the effects of saltwater induced corrosion.

Toward the early 1980s, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) began the evaluation of different approaches to control saltwater induced corrosion. Some of these included the use of integral pile jackets, specialty materials for concrete repairs, surface applied coatings and other innovative approaches utilizing galvanic anode technology. One such system was jointly developed with industry partners and sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) using integral pile jackets lined with expanded zinc mesh anodes to apply cathodic protection. This innovative approach provides for the problem of concrete repair while at the same time stopping the on-going process of corrosion both combined in one application. Both laboratory and field trials validated the benefits to this approach and confirmed that the system can mitigate corrosion and extend the useful service life of pilings by more than 20 years.

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Formulation Of Corrosion Inhibitors Using Design Of Experiment (DOE) Methods And Discovering Highly Performing Inhibitors By High Throughput Experimentation (HTE) Methods Using Critical Micelle Concentration

Product Number: 51321-16994-SG

Author: Nihal Obeyesekere; Jonathan Wylde; Thusitha Wickramarachchi

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Fracture Failure Analysis of Type HL Sucker Rod in H2S-CO2 Environment

Product Number: 51320-14649-SG

Author: Jiangjiang Zhang, Zhiwen Yang, Wenguang Zeng, Dapeng Li, Yujie Guo, Xiuyun Wang, Qiuying Gao, Lei Zhang

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Recently, there have been several cracking failures of type HL carbon steel sucker rods with evidence of fatigue striation. In order to find out the reason for the fracture failure, the fracture morphology, material properties, loading and corrosion product of the failed type HL 35CrMoA sucker rod were analyzed, combined with the corrosion environment. The results show that the material properties of the failed 35CrMoA sucker rod meet the GB/T 26075-2010 standard requirements. Also the result of loading analysis shows that the loading is far from the fatigue limit stress. The type HL sucker rod’s yield strength is almost 1049 MPa and hardness is 35.2 HRC. In addition, the low in-situ pH and high H2S-CO2 partial pressure places the sucker rods in the Region 3 of sulfide stress corrosion cracking, which means the quenched and tempered sucker rod’s yield strength should not exceed 863 MPa and hardness should not exceed 30 HRC, according to the ISO 15156-2:2015 standard. It is concluded that the high hardness level of the type HL sucker rod led to sulfide stress corrosion cracking in the high H2S-CO2 partial pressure and low in-situ pH condition.

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Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys Under Cathodic Polarization Environments

Product Number: 51319-12849-SG

Author: Elizabeth Trillo

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

There is a significant use of Nickel based alloys in the oil and gas industry for high strength / high corrosion resistance applications yet there has been a lack of understanding of fracture toughness of these Ni alloys under seawater / Cathodic Protection (CP) environments. Furthermore this class of alloys has demonstrated a weakness following high profile failures where the failing mechanism identified was Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). This study examines several Precipitation Hardened (PH) Nickel alloys by the J-R Curve method (ASTM E1820) using side-grooved single edged notched bend (SENB) fatigue pre-cracked test samples in a simulated seawater environment under CP. The Ni alloys evaluated a good representation of those associated with the in-service failures reported in the past were UNS N07718 UNS N07716 and UNS N07725 together with other alloys more recently developed such as UNS N09945 and UNS N09955.The materials were tested in a 3.5%NaCl solution with applied potentials of -1.1V and -1.4V vs SCE at room temperature at a loading rate of 0.005 Nmm-3/2. The overall response of the alloys in laboratory air was elastic-plastic in nature while the behavior in environment shifted towards a linear-elastic response most likely associated with the embrittlement caused by the hydrogen adsorbed during CP. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to obtain insights on the fracture morphologies. Amongst the alloys tested UNS N07718 showed the least reduction in fracture toughness in the environment in relation to air while alloy UNS N07716 showed the most susceptibility to the environment with the lowest performance.Key words: Ni Alloys Fracture Toughness J-R Curve Method CP environment seawater.

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Fracture Toughness of Wrought Copper Beryllium Alloy in Seawater with Cathodic Protection Condition for Subsea Applications

Product Number: 51319-13010-SG

Author: Arshad Bajvani Gavanluei

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Copper alloys are used in many seawater applications due to their environmentally assisted cracking general corrosion pitting and crevice corrosion resistance as well as their anti-fouling properties. Age hardenable copper alloys such as copper-beryllium (Cu-Be) are used in subsea applications for split-lock rings and trunnions due to excellent galling resistance as it provides low coefficient of friction. Age hardening response of the alloy depends on the amount of cold work prior to heat treatment as well as heat treatment time and temperature. Precipitates and their size and distribution govern the mechanical properties of the alloy.Due to criticality of subsea designs and significant consequence of offshore failures advanced design assessment and verification analysis is required. One of the material properties used for design verification analysis is Fracture Toughness (FT); in some applications it is required that the service environment degradation effect be considered in obtaining material properties.In this work FT of a specifically prepared Cu-Be alloy was measured in air and in seawater with cathodic protection condition. The effect of loading rate on the cracking resistance of the material was determined initially and then three FT tests at the proper loading rate were performed using compact tension test specimens. It was found that loading rate does not play a significant role in FT values and environmental FT is comparable to its in-air values indicating the alloy’s resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed ductile features with facets of transgranular cracking on the fracture surface.

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance