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Extension of Cathodic Protection Effect to Steel Piles At Tidal and Splash Zone

Product Number: 51314-3627-SG

ISBN: 3627 2014 CP

Author: Mohamed Khalil

Publication Date: 2014

$0.00

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Extent of Cathodic Reaction on Epoxy Coated Rebar with Partially Disbonded Coating

Product Number: 51317--9469-SG

ISBN: 9469 2017 CP

Author: Sylvia Kessler

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Distress (controlled surface breaks) was created on production samples of epoxy coated rebar and some were further subject to cathodic disbondment. Samples were cast in concrete and subjected to cyclic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.

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Exterior Intumescent Fireproof Coating Repair Lessons Learned

Product Number: 41205-164-SG

Author: Gregory Fehr

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

A brief history of cycles of exterior intumescent coating repair is presented; types of coating failure are identified; various depths of repair are illustrated; discoveries regarding the initial coating and; difficulties in effecting repairs are discussed.

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External Corrosion Behavior of Oil Pipelines With Polyethylene Coating Under Pressure Fluctuations

Product Number: 51319-13199-SG

Author: Yanping Li

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

External corrosion on buried pipe steels has been demonstrated to be a major threat to pipeline integrity. Although it has been extensively investigated and well understood electrochemically there is no particular model that is widely accepted by industry due to the complex nature of external corrosion. This paper demonstrates that the severity of external corrosion on polyethylene (PE) tape coated oil pipe is exacerbated by proximity downstream of pump stations and suggests mechanistic explanations related to pressure fluctuations. There are very limited studies available on this topic for buried liquid pipelines.External corrosion features reported by the most recent In-Line Inspection (ILI) ultrasonic wall measurement (UTWM) tools for two oil pipelines were correlated with the distance to upstream (U/S) pump stations. ILI data with UTWM is used because the data includes features that are under sleeve. These two oil pipelines with PE coating were investigated for a total length of about 2500 km. The pipelines have been in service for more than 40 years.Analysis of the results shows that external corrosion features with a depth <20% wall thickness (WT) reported by UTWM tools are distributed uniformly along the pipelines. However a clear increase in the frequency of corrosion features with depth >=20%WT is seen within 10 km from the U/S pump station. There is a much more pronounced increase in the density of deeper feature classes in the same region. This trend is further validated by the distribution of field nondestructive examination (NDE) excavations driven by external corrosion. Based on these data it is undeniable that the frequency and severity of external corrosion on these tape coated pipelines is positively correlated to U/S pump station proximity.Possible mechanisms may include mechano-electrochemistry and pressure fluctuations that facilitate electrochemical processes and/or PE tape coating damage: 1) Pressure fluctuations increase dislocation density and thus electrochemical potential ahead of corrosion tip due to stress concentration. 2) Pressure fluctuations may refresh the electrochemical environments inside corrosion and thus accelerating corrosion. 3) The PE coating damage accelerated by pressure fluctuations could contribute to the external corrosion distribution. One of the benefits of the findings in this paper is to help External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) to locate severe corrosion features especially for the lines that are non-piggable. Also the discoveries can provide guidance for future research and pipeline integrity management with external corrosion.

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Factors Affecting Impact Toughness in Carbon Steels

Product Number: 51319-13361-SG

Author: Sangeetha Cathapuram

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Over the last five years there have been numerous reports of failures of carbon steel A105 flanges A234 fittings and some A106 seamless pipe. The failure primarily occurred in newly constructed material and the nature of the failures was Brittle Fracture with very low Charpy V-notch values (3 ft-lbs) at room temperatures when the expected notch toughness was higher than 40 ft-lbs. Typically these steels are exempted from impact testing for upto temperatures -20°F (-29°C) per ASME B31.3. It has been found that the cause of low toughness was a gradual change in the chemical composition of the steel during the steel making process primarily low Mn to C ratios (even though within specification limits) addition of alloying elements like boron vanadium kind of heat treatment applied grain size etc.This paper will identify and document how the different factors like low Mn high C addition of boron and resultant grain size affects the impact toughness of steels based on a review of currently available literature. A comparison with impact properties of other product forms of carbon steel like plates etc. will be presented. A review of the current industry best practices and recommendations to avoid brittle fracture due to metallurgical factors without affecting other mechanical properties during hydrostatic testing cold startups and other low temperature in service conditions will be documented and presented.

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Factors Affecting Vapor Phase H2S Concentrations in Asphalt and Mitigation via Scavengers

Product Number: 51317--9449-SG

ISBN: 9449 2017 CP

Author: Kyle Cattanach

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This work will examine and document the conditions that influence the phenomena of H2S generation, and generate quantitative data on the H2S removal performance of the oil soluble fully dispersible transition metal chemistry based H2S scavenger product line.

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Factors for Selecting Thermal Insulation Materials to Prevent Corrosion Under Insulation

Product Number: 51319-12952-SG

Author: Kentaro Mizushima

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Many types of thermal insulation materials are used in oil and gas plant facilities. Recently new materials have been developed to prevent corrosion under insulation (CUI) and even the conventional materials have been improved their properties to provide better protection.When designing a plant measures to prevent CUI are studied when verifying the materials of construction determining the protective coatings systems and selecting thermal insulation and jacketing materials. Measures to prevent CUI should not be considered separately for these but rather together as a total system. Recently though while protective coatings have been studied by users coating manufacturers and independent organizations such as testing laboratories engineering firms and consultants there has been little investigation of the ability of thermal insulation materials themselves to prevent CUI.In this study the ability of various thermal insulation materials to prevent CUI in a simulated severely corrosive environment were examined. The factors influencing CUI prevention or aggravation were identified based on which it was recommended that these factors be considered when selecting thermal insulation materials during the design of a plant. As a summary of this study experiences of design of plants and related other CUI studies effective ideas relating to protective coatings thermal insulation and jacketing materials for preventing CUI will be shared.

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Factors Influencing Droplet Corrosion in Dense Phase CO2

Product Number: 51319-13017-SG

Author: Ralph Baessler

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities (less than 100 ppmv of SO2 NO2 O2 and H2O) the droplet formation and condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable. To reveal the mechanism of droplet corrosion in dense CO2 at high pressure and low temperature further studies on factors that affect wettability and resulting corrosion behaviors of transport pipeline steels are needed.In this work carbon steels (X52 X70) martensitic steel UNSS41500 and superaustenite UNS08031 were examined not only in static but also dynamic CO2 stream with either oxidizing (SO2 NO2 O2) or reducing (H2S and H2) impurities. Exposure tests with and without CO2 saturated water droplets were performed at both low temperature (278 K) and high temperature (313 K) at high pressure where CO2 is supercritical or in dense phase. To reveal the effects of surface morphology carbon steel coupons with different surface roughness were prepared not only to measure the wettability by contact angle but also to expose to CO2 stream containing oxidizing/reducing impurities to observe the condensation and possible droplet corrosion that followed. Two-week exposed coupons showed no condensation at 313 K 10 MPa and 50 ppmv H2O indicating the important role of temperature on the possibility of condensation regardless the type of impurities and flow rate. At 278 K the result from exposure tests signified the role of oxidizing impurities on the condensation and the droplet corrosion that followed. Although different surface roughness resulted in different wetting behaviors and therefore the measured contact angles it did not significantly influence the corrosion process upon long time exposure. This is attributed to the change of wetting behavior due to corrosion products that covered the carbon steel surface during exposure test.

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Factors Influencing Early Crack Development in Marine Cargo and ballast Tank Coatings

Product Number: 41206-265-SG

Author: George Mills, Bell Buckle, Johnny Eliasson

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Stress development in epoxy coatings applied in water ballast tanks (WBT) on ships can lead to cracking, corrosion, and failure of ship’s hulls, with catastrophic consequences to the environment as well as loss of seamen at sea. Typically, these cracks do not appear during application and curing of the coating but after some finite time of service. The financial wellbeing of the ship’s owner can suffer greatly. To avoid such cracking, it is critical to have a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms and primary controlling factors behind the coating cracks.

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Factors Influencing the Stay-Clean Properties and Service Life of New Fluoropolymer Coatings

Product Number: 41212-721-SG

Author: Kurt Wood

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Highly durable fluoropolymer coatings also generally have very good “stay-clean” properties. For this class of coatings, many of the factors contributing to stay-clean properties and exterior durability are linked. We will review these factors and examine particularly their role in affecting the properties of coatings based on the new waterborne fluoropolymer-acrylic hybrid technology. Using these principles, realistic estimates of the service life of these premium coatings can be determined.

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Factors On Tank Lining For Corrosion Prevention

Product Number: 51321-16583-SG

Author: N. S. S. Rajan

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Failure Analysis of Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) in a Hydrocracker Unit

Product Number: 51314-3730-SG

ISBN: 3730 2014 CP

Author: Surajit Ghosal

Publication Date: 2014

$0.00

A major fire in a Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) of the Hydrocracker Unit (HCU). Visual inspection was made on the failed portion. Metallurgical investigation, macrostructural and microstructural analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy was conducted on the failed air cooler.

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance