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Previous studies have shown that the presence of oxygen in wet carbon steel pipelines can present a major integrity management issue. The presence of O2 in the process accelerates corrosion rates and has been identified as a major culprit in the formation of black solids in gas transmission pipelines.
Issues faced by operators with low temperature sandstone reservoirs of only 40°C and 54°C and challenges these low temperatures brought, including high MIC for sulphate scale control and poor chemical retention & release properties during the reservoir condition corefloods.
When protective coatings are considered for application work, normal uses such as concrete coating, waterproofing, abrasion protection; steel corrosion protection; and other protective applications are the norm. However, there is a whole world of other uses for protective coatings including personal protection applications. The reality is that coating systems are being used for a variety of government, military, police and personal protection applications with excellent results.
In 2001 the UK Health and Safety Executive published “Review of Corrosion Management for Offshore Technology Report 2001/00”. This was the first document related to corrosion management system (CMS), which was updated in March 2019 and incorporated the PDCA (Plan-do-check-act) approach. However, the topic of CMS reached its peak after NACE published “NACE IMPACT Study” in 2016.
Under deposit corrosion (UDC) and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) are threats to dead legs and low flow/intermittent flow pipelines. Deposit characterization methods, corrosion mechanisms, mitigation methods and monitoring are addressed.
Leadership is the ability to motivate and inspire people towards achieving a positive change. Leadership starts with an awareness of self and is driven by a deep understanding of both personal values and the values of wider teams and organizations.
Often leadership is confused with the skill of management, which is defined here as the ability to develop and action structured plans, processes, procedures to achieve required outcomes within defined constraints and with specific resources.
Colocation of a new transmission line with an existing pipeline right of way (ROW) can have many benefits including lower cost and quicker acquisition of easements. Public utility commissions and other government agencies may suggest or direct colocation with other utilities. However close alignment between transmission line and pipelines will result in inducing voltages and currents into the pipeline(s). These induced voltages and currents may have undesirable consequences for the pipeline inducing unsafe step and touch potentials damage to pipeline coatings and damage to the pipeline steel including AC corrosion. While there are many techniques available to mitigate these effects doing so may be very costly. Increasing separation distance between the utilities is generally more cost effective than providing very extensive mitigation. It is far better to assess these costs during the route selection process rather than to be committed to a preferred route than to discover that IAC mitigation will be very complex costly and will resulting delaying completion of the project. This paper presents a recent case history that fully illustrates the complexity time delays and cost associated with IAC mitigation for four large diameter natural gas lines from a newly constructed 220 kV wind farm transmission line after the preferred route has been selected and ROW had been purchased.
Regardless of the sophistication of the laboratory, the ability to determine the cause of a coating failure can depend on the type and quality of the samples. This paper discusses the type of samples needed and gives suggestions on how to obtain them.
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are preferred for oil and gas pipelines due to their outstanding mechanical properties. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) has been a major problem for the application of HSLA carbon steel because of the wet H2S environment which commonly presents in oil and gas industry. Several techniques are applied to the study of SSC of steels, including constant load test with smooth specimens and DCB testing.