Cathodic protection (CP) systems are often a vital component of integrity management programs for oil sands facilities. The electrical components of these systems must be designed and installed in accordance with regional electrical codes such as the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) or the National Electrical Code (NEC). The CEC and NEC include limited direction on the electrical requirements for CP systems. This paper examines installations of typical CP components and suggests ways in which the CEC and NEC can be interpreted. It is demonstrated that interpretation of electrical requirements for CP systems can be difficult. To help improve compliance and understanding future revisions of these codes should provide additional guidance for the design and installation of CP systems.

Preferential weld corrosion offers a uniquely different mitigation challenge to operators of high throughput oilfield production in carbon steel pipelines. This has a significant impact on the expected lifetime of the pipeline and thus will require chemical inhibition programs to control such localized corrosion effects. As a part of OPEX these programs require field optimization whilst providing the desired level of corrosion protection at minimum inhibitor dose rate.A low dose corrosion inhibitor has been developed that inhibits sour corrosion of individual weld components of pre-corroded steel coupons prepared from pipeline material. Metallurgical analysis of the weld section extracted from the pipeline was performed which illustrated unusual composition of the material.The lower corrosion inhibitor dose also reduces the influence of secondary effects (including emulsion and foaming) eliminating the need for specialized formulation additives and the injection of additional chemistries. Due to the low water cut and the stratified flow regime of a subsea pipeline the partitioning behavior of the product was an important consideration during product development. Since the treatment of bacteria in the pipeline was necessary the compatibility of the inhibitor with the incumbent biocide was critical.This paper details the test work performed to develop a new inhibitor to prevent weld corrosion under sour conditions. The inhibitor was evaluated in numerous performance under including kettle tests high pressure autoclaves partitioning and autoclave weldment corrosion tests.

For the design and materials selection of equipment in chemical plants the focus seems to mainly be on the “chemicals” but it is actually the water (steam) that causes corrosion issues in many cases. This paper presents two cases that demonstrate the poor design and materials selection that ended up causing severe corrosion issues. In both cases the equipment are fixed tubesheet type of heat exchangers (one is vertical and another is horizontal) and the concerned materials are mainly 300 series stainless steels. The root causes of failure in these two cases are due to poor design and non-ideal materials selection.Key words: Materials Selection Heat Exchangers Fixed Tubesheet Stress Design.PRESENTER BIOGRAPHYYouyu Lu Senior Corrosion Engineer Lloyd’s Register Energy Americas Inc.Vishal Lagad Senior Corrosion Engineer Lloyd’s Register Energy Americas Inc.Roxanna Alvarez Metallurgical Consultant Lloyd’s Register Energy Americas Inc.