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Geothermal energy has been an integral part of the renewable energy mix for several decades. The total installed geothermal power generation capacity by the end of 2021 was 15,854 MW. Despite the challenges imposed by the pandemic, new capability was developed, and capacity was added in several countries. The capacity was increased by 246 MW from the figure in 2020.4
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This paper reports the performance of HVOF-sprayed corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) coatings in an aqueous solution bubbled with 50MPa supercritical CO2.
This paper evaluates the resistances to CUI of three types of coatings under severe CUI conditions using a vertical pipe test method. Certain possible improvements in the test method are also discussed.
The Federal Highway Administration, through its Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program, requested research in the performance of paint coatings applied to bridges. The Maryland State Highway Administration tested two different, two ─ coat systems in a side-by-side comparison with its standard three ─ coat paint system consisting of organic zinc primer / epoxy polyamide intermediate / aliphatic urethane finish coat (currently the “State of the Art” system for most States).
Two-Coat zinc-rich primed systems with a fast-dry topcoat were evaluated for their potential to replace the conventional three-coat zincrich/epoxy/polyurethane bridge coating systems for rapid field deployment.
Carbon steels are widely used in the oil and gas exploration and production service. However these materials are prone to corrosion and cracking in CO2/H2S. The propensity to cracking increases when higher strength grades are employed. The use of corrosion resistant alloys incurs costs; however these costs are justified in environments where severe corrosion or cracking of cheaper carbon steel is anticipated. Cost reduction can be attained if these materials are coated by an industrial method such as weld cladding onto carbon steel. To understand the behaviour of UNS N06625 weld clad on carbon steel several weld clad specimens were prepared and tested in de-aerated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 30 days in 9.5 MPa CO2 containing 0.5MPa H2S at 120°C. Specimens were also tested in stressed conditions. Microstructural characterization revealed that the ‘swirls’ of carbon steel in the clad specimens were susceptible to sulphide scale formation in the test environment. These swirls can extend up a few hundred micrometres from the fusion line. The stressed specimens showed no visible cracks at 10X magnification.Thus when selecting the thickness of weld cladding on carbon steel one should choose the thickness to avoid swirls reaching the surface of the cladding.
Periodic and final tank monitoring during a two-year warranty offered to The City of Anoka, conducted jointly by Liquid Engineering Corporation, Sherwin Williams and SEH, identified no comparable differences between a single application of Corothane I Galvapac NSF, B65 Series, and two traditional systems used to repair and/or protect water tank interior surfaces.
Abrasive material forms a major component for surface preparation in coating applications. Since blasting method developed in 1890s, abrasive materials and its application methods also significantly improved to enhance blasting efficiency. In general, steel grit and shot ball are being used predominantly as metallic abrasives. Garnet and coal slag are used as non-metallic abrasives. Each abrasive is selected andapplied in accordance with the work location and substrate material of structures to be coated. In this study, we have evaluated a new artificial non-metallic abrasive (ferrochrome slag) which is a by-product from ferrochrome production process for stainless steel. This evaluation also included the checking of surface cleanliness performance and coating quality based on international test methods and field trials. For verifying the cleanliness quality, various tests were conducted as per international standards (ISO 8501-8503). Sea water immersion test (ISO 2812-2) and cyclic test (ISO 12944-9) were carried out to checkcoating performance after blasting. The field test results indicates that all inspection and quality criteria of surface preparation were met as per international standards. Furthermore, coating performance test results also showed this abrasive does not have any adverse effect on coating properties.
The use of oxidizers as biocides in the oil and gas industry has been increasing in recent years. Specifically peroxy acids (or peracids) have been shown as efficient cost-effective biocides across a range of water treatment applications due in part to their strong oxidation potential. While this trait makes peracids very effective at controlling MIC it also increases the risk of corrosion from either the parent acid or oxygen from the oxidizer when not properly dosed. Performic acid in particular has significant potential for both biocidal performance and dosage-related corrosion due to it being a stronger oxidizer than even peracetic acid. In this paper we will present a study that weighs the biocidal efficacy of performic acid against its impact on metal corrosion. These results will help define a program for preventing microbial influenced corrosion in water treatment systems by performic acid.
In any military base, there are numerous assets that need to be maintained. These assets can easily be traced from the fuel offload all the way through to the fuel dispenser. In between, this fuel travels through pipelines, into storage tanks, into pump stations, through filter separators, into fuel dispensers, and finally into either a track or non-track vehicle including jets. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop a system to inventory all assets and perform condition assessments on each to prevent degradation, corrosion, possible section loss of the metallic substrate, and loss of the liquid fuel. This paper will highlight some of the assets related to the fuels pipeline and related assets.