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Picture for Ph-Responsive Copolymers As Silica Scale Inhibitors
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Ph-Responsive Copolymers As Silica Scale Inhibitors

Product Number: 51322-17703-SG
Author: Georgia Skordalou, Konstantinos D. Demadis
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Silicon is an important element of our Planet’s crust, which is transferred into water streams through dissolution.1 Hence, it is usually found as water-soluble silicate or colloidal silica in natural surface waters (sea, rivers, lakes), or underground waters. When such water is used for industrial purposes (eg. industrial cooling), silicate can enter the operating system and can pose a threat to its proper operation. The main reason is the solubility of amorphous silica, a product of the silicate polycondensation process.
Picture for Corrosion Phenomena in Braking Systems
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Physico-Chemical Characterization of Corrosion Scales in Braking Systems

Product Number: 51320-14687-SG
Author: Marco Bandiera, Andrea Bonfanti, Andrea Mauri, Alessandro Mancini, Massimiliano Bestetti, Federico Bertasi
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

In this work selected corrosion phenomena occurring in disc brake systems are reviewed. For the first time, a galvanic series, summarizing the electrochemical performance of several brake system components, is presented and case studies are discussed as well. The case studies focus on corrosion issues which are related with the three major components of a car disc brake system, namely the: a) Aluminum caliper; b) brake pads and associated friction materials; and c) cast iron disc. It is shown that: a) the parameters for the anodization of Aluminum calipers should be carefully tuned on the basis of the specific Al alloy, in order to obtain an anodic layer capable to withstand the galvanic coupling existing between the caliper and nobler components; b) friction materials composition must be optimized in order to avoid shear adhesion phenomena between brake pad and disc due to the growth of corrosion products at the interface between the two; and c) it is possible to mitigate the corrosion of cast iron brake discs by modulating the carbon morphology, alloy elements concentration and microstructure. The manuscript demonstrates that electrochemical techniques are of fundamental importance in order to pursue a corrosion-resistance-oriented design of future braking systems for automotive applications. 
Picture for Physicochemical Description of Refinery High Temperature Naphthenic Acid Corrosion
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Physicochemical Description of Refinery High Temperature Naphthenic Acid Corrosion

Product Number: 51324-20988-SG
Author: Ishan Patel; David Young; Gheorghe Bota
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Refinery high temperature naphthenic acid corrosion is known to generate oil soluble iron naphthenates and solid iron oxide as corrosion products. Associated chemical reactions have been written for a long time but are barely sufficient to resolve the comprehensive mechanism necessary to model their kinetics. A mechanism for naphthenic acid corrosion is proposed to be proceeding via formation of active intermediate by adopting the Lindemann-Hinshelwood approach. The rate law for the calculation of pure naphthenic acid corrosion rate was derived using a pseudo steady state hypothesis which could simulate laboratory corrosion data reported in the literature. The rate equation was also validated by experimental corrosion tests conducted in a high temperature flow-through reactors for carbon steel using a model oil solution of petroleum derived acids by manipulating solution concentration and temperature. Also, the formation of the solid iron oxide is proposed to be a result of the decay of active intermediate as an alternative mechanism in contrast with the currently accepted thermal decomposition pathway.
Picture for Pilot Rig Scale Testing: Hydrodynamics And Scale Deposition
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Pilot Rig Scale Testing: Hydrodynamics And Scale Deposition

Product Number: 51321-16699-SG
Author: Neil Goodwin; Mark May; Amarpreet Kaur; & Gordon M. Graham
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Pilot-Scale Demonstration of In-Situ Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Inside an Operating High-Pressure Natural Gas Pipeline
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Pilot-Scale Demonstration of In-Situ Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Inside an Operating High-Pressure Natural Gas Pipeline

Product Number: 51323-19356-SG
Author: Nathan Diemler, Nageswara Lalam, Jeffrey Culp, Ruishu F. Wright
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Internal corrosion is a serious concern for the oil and natural gas pipeline industry, and it can negatively impact the integrity of infrastructure necessary for production, transportation, and storage of these volatile energy media. The natural gas delivery system in the U.S. includes 528,000 km (328,000 miles) of transmission and gathering pipelines. Over the past 30 years, corrosion has caused ~25% of incidents in natural gas transmission and gathering pipelines, and 61% of these incidents related to corrosion were caused by internal corrosion.
Picture for Pipe Burst Pressure Estimation in Sour Environment using Constant Load Fracture Toughness Tests
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Pipe Burst Pressure Estimation in Sour Environment using Constant Load Fracture Toughness Tests

Product Number: 51319-13022-SG
Author: Sebastian Cravero
Publication Date: 2019
$20.00

Sulfide stress cracking has special importance in the Oil and Gas (O&G) industry due to the considerable amount of hydrogen sulfide that may be present in the processed fluids. Furthermore the increasing interest of the O&G industry on high grade tubulars to work at high pressure make of the sulfide stress cracking phenomenon an important issue in the safe operational conditions assessment of Oil country Tubular Goods (OCTG).Consequently the adequate determination of fracture toughness value (i.e.: K-mat) is of fundamental importance for fitness for purpose evaluation. Particularly the fracture toughness of OCTG materials in aggressive media is usually determined using DCB specimens and the obtained K-limit values are the employed for fracture assessment. Although Method D using DCB specimens has been and is the recognized testing methodology for QA/QC purposes in pipes manufacturing  its validity as a fracture resistance parameter for burst pressure estimation of flawed pipes (FAD) remains uncertain and therefore alternative methods are being assessed.In the present paper an experimental program is described on C110 and T95 materials testedin aggressive environments. K-limit from conventional DCB tests and K-threshold from SENT specimens under constant loading are compared and discussed. The K-mat obtained from both testing techniques are employed to calculate the burst pressure of flawed pipes using API 579 equations and compared against the failure pressure from API PRAC III full scale test result (Work Group 2315). The presented results and discussion allow to incorporate a further insight on an alternative testing method and specimens geometry for brittle burst assessment of flawed pipes in an aggressive media.
Picture for Pipe Preservation During Trenchless Installations: There’S No Need To Take Unnecessary Risks
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Pipe Preservation During Trenchless Installations: There’S No Need To Take Unnecessary Risks

Product Number: 51321-16671-SG
Author: Cristian Grecco
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Pipeline And Subsea Integrity Assessment Using Corrosion Direct Assessment And Local Area Inspection
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Pipeline And Subsea Integrity Assessment Using Corrosion Direct Assessment And Local Area Inspection

Product Number: 51321-16732-SG
Author: Y. Zheng; M. Mateer; W. J. R. Nisbet; J. Sonke; J.T. Martin; P. B. J. van de Camp
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Pipeline Coating Corrosion, Understanding Testing and UV Degradation of Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings
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Pipeline Coating Corrosion, Understanding Testing and UV Degradation of Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings

Product Number: 51321-16325-SG
Author: Lake H. Barrett/Robert Leggat
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Pipeline Corrosion Management against Dynamic Production towards the Extended Life
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Pipeline Corrosion Management against Dynamic Production towards the Extended Life

Product Number: 51324-20670-SG
Author: Farih Mitraningsih; Aji Samiaji; Rudi Rinaldi; Muhammad Riduan Adhael
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
A comprehensive corrosion assessment has been done to ensure the integrity of 24 inch outside diameter (OD) and 70 km length of transmission pipeline against production figure changes during and beyond of the initial design life. By design, the pipeline was intended to transport the wet gas for 20years design life with medium level of top of line and bottom of line corrosion likelihood. During operation, the pipeline was operated to sustain gas rate more than the designed capacity. Which commonly known as de-bottlenecking. In consequence, the corrosion likelihood increased as obtained from the inspection result. When the initial design life is almost over, the new reserves combining oil and wet gas is found thus the life extension assessment shall be accommodated. This paper summarizes the engineering study methodology and the results, thus the pipeline integrity able to synchronize the fit for purpose and production operation excellence.
Picture for Pipeline Integrity - Onshore Pipelines vs Offshore Pipelines
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Pipeline Integrity - Onshore Pipelines vs Offshore Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20784-SG
Author: Helene Sirnes; Pernille Nordmoen Kildahl
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Transport Net is a high-level competence center for Pipeline Operation and Integrity in Equinor. An extensive network of pipelines is installed in the North Sea and approximately 10 000 km of pipelines are continuously monitored. This includes integrity evaluations, as well as repair and maintenance activities and are performed on behalf of several internal operational departments and licenses, in addition to an external operator. The transported fluids are multiphase, dense gas, sales gas, condensate, oil, chemicals, and CO2. The pipeline portfolio consists of rigid pipelines in mainly carbon steel grades X65 and X70, with some exceptions for newer pipelines being cladded or lined with Inconel. This paper will discuss our Risk Based Inspection (RBI) philosophy, internal and external inspection intervals, how pipeline barrier management is applied in operation, and the requirements and tools used to ensure pipeline integrity with no loss of containment. A case showing differences and similarities between onshore pipelines and offshore pipelines will be used.
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Pipeline Lamination Assessment

Product Number: MECC23-20025-SG
Author: Ayman S. Janbi; Husain M. Muslim
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Laminations are manufacturing defects that result because of presence of inclusions or air during pipeline plate making. They might present a challenge in identification during ILI inspection as magnetic flux does not identify lamination because it does not have metal loss. Ultrasonic on the other hand can detect lamination, but it does not differentiate from a metal loss.
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