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The direct current electrical treatments are applied with the aim of improving corrosion resistance of steel embedded in concrete. It is the impressed current cathodic protection in both widely used modes – preventive or remedial, electrochemical chloride extraction, realkalization of carbonated concrete and electrochemical injection of protective agents. All the treatments are similar to each other in its principle and arrangement.
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The corrosion of Zircaloy-4 under autoclave conditions without the presence of radiation is relatively well understood, with the development of cyclic corrosion kinetics that are well simulated by correlative predictive models (1) (2). Under irradiation in a PWR environment, however, the corrosion kinetics of Sn-containing Zr alloys are severely accelerated and although early corrosion behaviour is unchanged, after an oxide thickness of ~5 μm, accelerations of up to 40 x out-of-pile behaviour are observed (3) (4). Among the likely contributors to this accelerated corrosion are neutron irradiation damage to both the substrate and oxide, gamma irradiation, radiolysis, and hydrogen effects.
Stainless steels, e.g. 316 austenitic stainless steel, are commonly used in various hydrogen (H) delivery and storage applications, and the H embrittlement (HE) resistance of these steels is well-established. However, the alloying, particularly nickel (Ni), required to achieve the stable austenitic microstructure drives their relatively high cost and is a potential barrier to broad implementation of extensive infrastructure for the H economy. Figure 1 shows a plot of fracture toughness in H, KIH or KJH, versus yield strength for both austenitic stainless steels and lower alloy ferritic steels.
A multicomponent High Entropy Alloy (HEA) AlCrFeNiMn processed with vacuum arc remelting procedure was tested for corrosion in geothermal environment in the Reykjanes Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland.
Stainless steel 316L (316SS) has been widely applied in relevant commercial fields (e.g. chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and manufacturing industries) due to its excellent properties in corrosion and abrasion resistance, antioxidation, and service life. It is considered an austenitic material, non-magnetic, and thermally nonhardenable. The 316SS can be produced via powder by different methods such as: self-combustion, high-temperature synthesis (SHS), electron beam radiation, laser surface melting, plasma spray synthesis, mechanical alloying and casting methods among others.
Additive manufacturing is a term that encompasses a number of technologies that manufacture structures by building material up, layer by layer, and which are attractive due to a number of factors, such as the ability to rapidly produce complex components with controlled microstructures in a single step with reduced post processing requirements. Laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is an additive manufacturing technique where a laser continuously melts successive layers of powder material, building up from a horizontal build plate.
Alloy UNS N07718 (hereafter abbreviated as 718) is one of the most versatile precipitation-hardened nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) used for both surface and sub-sea components in oil and gas production service. API 6ACRA provides heat treatment windows and acceptance criteria for 718 in these oil and gas production environments, in which the heat treatment is intended to homogenize the microstructure and obtain the correct microstructure for targeting the desired mechanical properties. For fabricating high temperature materials via additive manufacturing (AM), alloy 718 is a primary focus due to its widespread applications in the past 60 years and excellent weldability in either age hardened or annealed condition.
This paper describes the evolution of production standards for Alloy 600 tubing, the historical performance of steam generator tubing, and the results of microstructural analyses of archive and pulled tubing samples from commercial PWRs to address these issues. Alloy 600 is a corrosion-resistant nickel-base alloy that is used in a variety of applications that require good resistance to general corrosion, high strength, and good formability. It has been used extensively for steam generator tubing in commercial nuclear power plants, and this experience led to the use of several different types of Alloy 600 material.
After the Fukushima accident there has been a large push globally for accident tolerant fuels (ATF) to increase the grace period during an accident, that is, the time during which operators may be able to avoid major consequences by undertaking mitigating actions. At Fukushima, the oxidation of the Zircaloy cladding produced hydrogen gas, that contributed to the failure of the primary containment. A concept for ATF is to coat zirconium-based cladding with chromium to inhibit the oxidation of the cladding and reduce hydrogen production.