AMPP Store - Conference Papers

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Hubble Bubble Rising: A New Beginning - The Better Way

Product Number: 51217-039-SG

Author: Carl Reed, Mike O’Donoghue, Vijay Datta

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This group of authors, thinking outside the proverbial box, and with a mind to Shakespeare’s Macbeth, presented a paper at SSPC 2010 entitled “Hubble, Bubble, Tests and Trouble: The Dark Side of Misreading the Relevance of Coating Testing”. A challenge to the status quo of coatings performance testing, the paper boldly questioned much of the conventional wisdom surrounding coating testing and how that testing is interpreted.

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Hubble Bubble Tests and Trouble: The Dark Side of Misreading the Relevance of Coating Testing

Product Number: 41210-558-SG

Author: Mike O’Donoghue, V.J. Datta, Mike Winter, Carl Reed

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

Aside from the use of successful track records, it is commonplace for coating specifications to be written based upon test criteria deemed important by specification authorities. But are the tests relevant to the intended service environment? Or has the meaning of the test data been misinterpreted? Perhaps the tests have been ascribed a level of accuracy and dependency that the test method simply cannot deliver. These are vital factors to be considered if a coating specification is to be supported in a meaningful way and to prevent all sorts of problems.

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HVDC & HVAC Powerline Interference On Cross Country Pipeline: A Case Study

Product Number: 51321-16614-SG

Author: Manish Mishra

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion Of A Venturi Gas Scrubber In A Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Platformer

Product Number: 51322-17770-SG

Author: Yousif A. Al Rabie, Iyad Al-Buraiki

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Two of the most common acid gases produced by the refining industry are chloride compounds such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These compounds can react with water to form solutions of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid. Droplets that condense are often highly concentrated, and acid concentrations in excess of 10% can be expected^.1 A common source of these gaseous compounds is the overhead exhaust/vent of regeneration tower within a Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR) unit. Chloride compounds in the regenerator vent gas are absorbed in 1 wt.% caustic (NaOH) by subsequent contact in a venturi scrubber (ejector), before venting chloride free gas to atmosphere through a wash tower.

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Hydrogen Charging Of Armco Iron And L80 Steel In Various Electrolytes

Product Number: 51322-17604-SG

Author: M. Eichinger, M. Truschner, D. Zwittnig, A. Trautmann, G. Mori

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874⁠. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.

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Hydrogen Cracks in Belgian Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels: Five Years After Their Discovery

Product Number: 51317--9457-SG

ISBN: 9457 2017 CP

Author: Walter Bogaerts

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Elaborates on some reported findings and identifies possible mechanisms and risks for further growth of defects in the reactor pressure vessel walls in the Belgian nuclear power reactors Doel 3 and Tihange 2 – which were restarted in 2015 after inspection found “thousands” of “hydrogen flaws”.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure Of Nickel Alloy UNS N07716-140 Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve Component Installed In A Sour Production Gas Well

Product Number: 51322-17709-SG

Author: Iyad Al-Buraiki, Qasem Alhassan, Karthik Krishnan, Wade Meaders

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A 9-5/8 inch (244.8 mm) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV), which is a type of Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) governed by API Specification 14A, was found to have failed when retrieved during workover operations in a gas production well in June 2019. This TRSV was installed in the well in November 2013 and was in production service from 2015 until November 2018 when the well was shut in for maintenance of surface equipment. In March 2019, with the well still shut in for maintenance, a rapid increase in the tubing-casing annulus (TCA) pressure was observed.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of Additively Manufactured Inconel 718

Product Number: 51319-13453-SG

Author: Liu Cao

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Precipitation hardenable nickel alloys are commonly used in oil and gas offshore structures where requires outstanding mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. In seawater galvanic coupling to steel or cathodic protection promotes the formation of atomic hydrogen on the surface of Inconel 718. Hydrogen atoms further dissolve into the metal matrix and cause hydrogen embrittlement. The unconventional Additive Manufacturing (AM) process generates fine microstructure and alters surface finish that affect hydrogen intake process and the subsequent hydrogen embrittlement. The effects of hydrogen embrittlement are investigated on different build orientations and surface finish of AM Inconel 718 by slow strain rate (SSR) testing in seawater environment under cathodic protection. The susceptibility of AM 718 to hydrogen embrittlement is discussed based on the SSR results and metallography analysis with respect to its wrought counterpart.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of ASTM A320 L7 & L43 Grade Carbon Alloy Steel Bolts in Subsea Environments

Product Number: 51319-12785-SG

Author: Herman Amaya

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

This paper reports an approach towards studying the susceptibility of materials to hydrogen embrittlement of several yield strength levels of ASTM A320 L7 & L43 grade carbon alloy material used for bolting . The test method used is based on ASTM E1820 using pre-cracked compact tension (CT) specimens in a seawater environment and under cathodic protection. The procedure has been to monitor the crack growth and the crack growth rate (CGR) at various constant stress intensity (K-levels) and at varying cathodic protection potentials. In this way these two parameters can be seen as representative of the susceptibility to embrittlement cracking of the materials at the specific stress intensity levels and as a function of the varying CP levels.The results indicate the strong effect that both stress intensity K-values and applied potential have on crack growth rates in environment and on the resulting susceptibility of the material to embrittlement. On the practical operational level the results also highlight the importance of actively monitoring and controlling cathodic protection (CP) potential levels as a means of increasing the allowable margin of error of the intersection between material quality design factors and the effect of the challenging environments of Oil & Gas subsea drilling and production operations.

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Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength austenitic stainless steels

Product Number: 51323-19269-SG

Author: Clara Herrera, Philipp Niederhofer, Merlin Seifert

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hydrogen is considered an alternative energy source for fossil fuels, and consequently the requirements for materials used in hydrogen applications have been increased. These materials need to have high resistance against hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE, that affects several metallic materials, is a complex phenomenon characterized by a degradation of the mechanical properties, in particular ductility.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Strength Precipitation Hardenable Nickel Alloys

Product Number: 51319-13161-SG

Author: Michael Dodge

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The high strength and corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium alloys such as Alloy 718 and nickel-iron-chromium alloys such as Alloys 945 and 945X make them particularly good candidates for use in demanding environments in the upstream oil and gas industry. These materials generally perform well where resistance to sulphide stress cracking and chloride stress corrosion cracking is required. However whilst these alloys are considered ‘NACE compliant' environmentally-assisted failures can still occur.It is generally accepted that for hydrogen cracks to initiate there must be a critical combination of stress susceptible microstructure and hydrogen concentration. In this project the effect of microstructure is explored by heat treating Alloy 718 945 and 945X to standard and non-standard conditions. Tensile specimens were slow-strain-rate-tested in air and under CP to explore sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. Finally the effect of a severe stress concentration in the form of a sharp notch was used to determine whether there is an enhanced susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement due to the presence of local stress raisers. The results are compared with tests undertaken by other authors under various hydrogen-charging conditions.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Product Number: 51320-14357-SG

Author: Siew Leong Waia, Rajaram Chidambaramb, John Richertc, Jorge Perdomo

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.

Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.

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Individual Conference Papers

Hubble Bubble Rising: A New Beginning - The Better Way

Hubble Bubble Tests and Trouble: The Dark Side of Misreading the Relevance of Coating Testing

HVDC & HVAC Powerline Interference On Cross Country Pipeline: A Case Study

Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion Of A Venturi Gas Scrubber In A Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Platformer

Hydrogen Charging Of Armco Iron And L80 Steel In Various Electrolytes

Hydrogen Cracks in Belgian Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels: Five Years After Their Discovery

Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure Of Nickel Alloy UNS N07716-140 Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve Component Installed In A Sour Production Gas Well

Hydrogen Embrittlement of Additively Manufactured Inconel 718

Hydrogen Embrittlement of ASTM A320 L7 & L43 Grade Carbon Alloy Steel Bolts in Subsea Environments

Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength austenitic stainless steels

Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Strength Precipitation Hardenable Nickel Alloys

Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Association for Materials Protection and Performance