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Electrochemical Investigation of the Integrity of Cathodic Protection MMO Anodes in the Presence of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51324-21177-SG

Author: Juan Dominguez Olivo; Terry Natale; Sujay Math

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Cathodic protection (CP) technology is widely utilized to safeguard aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) against soil-side corrosion, with the U.S. Department of Transportation mandating the implementation of CP systems for ASTs governed by federal regulations. CP is typically applied to the new ASTs bottom through the installation of anodes under the tanks. The anodic portion of impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems consists of titanium conductor bars and mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes which are embedded in the sand bed a few inches below the new bottoms. To enhance the soil-side protection of tank bottoms, the combined usage of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIs) and CP systems has shown promise. Previous studies have indicated that the use of VCIs and CP is synergistic, and the performance of anodes remained unaffected by the presence of VCIs. Building upon these findings, the present research aims to investigate the integrity of titanium substrate MMO anodes in the presence of VCIs. This study focuses on the electrochemical characteristics of titanium substrate mixed metal oxide (MMO), in conjunction with VCIs. Through the utilization of ASTM G61, the research findings suggest that the pitting immunity nature of MMO and titanium anodes remains unaltered in the presence of VCIs.

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Electrochemical Methods vs Long-Term Immersion Tests to Assess Localized Corrosion Tendencies of Corrosion Inhibitors (Phase II)

Product Number: MECC23-20180-SG

Author: Yolanda De-Abreu; Gabriela Garcia; Ana Ferrer; Geeta Rana

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Electrochemical methods have long been utilized to provide real-time corrosion information but have rarely been used to study localized corrosion. Most recently, electrochemical methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization (CP) were investigated to predict pitting tendencies and the work was presented in 2022.

Based on this work, it was proved that CP technique can be used to predict localized corrosion tendency of continuous corrosion inhibitors.

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Electrochemical Noise vs. Salt Spray Tests: Is There Room For a Faster Corrosion Resistance Evaluation?

Product Number: 51323-18837-SG

Author: Marco Bandiera, Giorgio Valota, Mary Angel Abello, Andrea Bonfanti, Arianna Pavesi, Bozhena Tsyupa, Valentina Trombetta, Alessandro Mancini, Federico Bertasi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Electrification of road transport requires the development of components with improved performance, especially in terms of corrosion resistance.This is particularly true for safety elements such as the disc-brake system. Indeed, regenerative braking, which is used in electric vehicles, significantly reduces the wear of brake system components thus generating the need of brakes with a service life comparable to the vehicle life.

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Electrodeposited Nanolaminar Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings – Analysis of Advanced Corrosion Resistance Performance

Product Number: 51323-19204-SG

Author: Herman E Amaya, Timm Burnett, Richard Morgan, Vikas Joshi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Nanolaminar or nanostructured zinc-nickel electrodeposited coatings are compliant with the composition requirements of ASTM B841 and F1941 (12 to 16% Ni: balance Zn). The term nanolaminar refers to the successive thin layered deposition of nanostructured grains (≈ 25nm); accomplished by modulating the electrodeposition into a waveform applied at defined time periods and varying current densities. Standard electroplating in contrast, applies a continuous DC current throughout the electrodeposition process, resulting in grains that while initially fine will coarsen as a function of thickness ranging to the micrometer range.

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Elevated Temperature Effects of Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Containing Nitrogen-Based

Product Number: 51323-19291-SG

Author: Compounds Upon Nickel-Base Material Performance

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Global demand for hydrogen is growing, increasing to 94 MT in 2021. Most of that consumption came from refining, ammonia and methanol production and direct iron-ore reduction for steel making, but 40 kT was for new applications. Numerous projects around the world have established ambitious goals for increasing hydrogen utilization by 2030 (potentially to around 115 MT), across multiple sectors, including industry, transportation and power.

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Elucidating the Effect of Build Location and Powder Morphology on the Corrosion of Selective Laser Sintered Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel

Product Number: ED22-17456-SG

Author: E.Getto, E.Farnan, M.G. Koul, R.J. Santucci, T.Gray, J. S. Gibbs, J.McLaughlin

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Additive manufacturing (AM) has allowed for the rapid prototyping of parts and the ability to control the structure of a material and, to a lesser extent, the microstructure. AM as applied to metals, as stainless steel is especially promising as it provides the ability to produce complex shaped components rapidly. Laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is one such technique in which the part is formed from the base up by fusing successive layers of powder. As each layer is fused, the print plate moves down and a new layer of metallic powder is swept over the top. A laser then welds this layer to the top of the existing piece and the process repeats.1 However, AM can result in non-equilibrium microstructures, porosity, and residual stresses that could affect the longevity of the material and performance in corrosive conditions.

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Enabling Carbon Steel With A Special scCO2 Corrosion Inhibitor – A Field Study

Product Number: 51322-18205-SG

Author: Tracey Jackson, Peng Jin, Jamie Wood, Johnathon Brooks

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In recent years the oil and gas industry has made significant commitments to carbon reduction.¹ Aligned with the goal of decreasing carbon emissions the authors have developed a corrosion inhibitor (CI-1) that is intended to protect scCO₂ systems that are wet or water contaminated (1000 ppm).² The development and composition of this corrosion inhibitor (CI) for dry scCO₂ is reported elsewhere.^2,3 While chemical companies have been treating high water cut, production enhanced, CO₂ floods (i.e. enhanced oil recovery [EOR]) for several decades there were no inhibitors designed specifically for CO₂ disposal systems or wet scCO₂ systems producing CO2 for sale.⁴

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Enabling Decarbonization through Conversion of Natural Gas Pipelines to Blended Hydrogen Service through a Nanocomposite Surface Treatment

Product Number: 51324-21204-SG

Author: Ganesh Kumar Arumugam; Sumil Thapa; Venkat Kamavaram; Andrea Mansfeld; Ramiro Maldonado

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The next phase of a global energy transition is hinging closely on finding fuel sources with substantially reduced carbon footprint. One way of doing so is to enable the use of Hydrogen (H2) rather than natural gas while still maintaining the existing legacy transport pipeline infrastructure. The presence of hydrogen in natural gas blend has been shown to cause weakening of steel even at extremely low concentrations and steps must be taken to mitigate the presence of hydrogen. Although embrittlement can be mitigated using specific metal alloys, the extensive cost of such retrofitting (up to $4.7M per mile) has made this economically unfeasible. One option that could substantially reduce this cost by as much as 90% is the use of new liners or barrier materials to limit the ability of hydrogen to diffuse into the steel. One such material coating that claims a unique combination of a “low-surface energy,” chemical- and abrasion-resistant topcoat material combined with a highly gas-impermeable and corrosion-resistant but physically fragile base layer is evaluated in this paper. This composite structure allows for the material to have sufficient mechanical strength to be field deployable in a typical pipeline environment. This work describes the establishment and use of a new experimental laboratory setup designed to test the effect of a nanocomposite material deposited onto legacy steel grades such as X52 and X70. The high-pressure, high-temperature mechanical testing bed could simulate all environmental conditions that a future pipeline would face hydrogen/methane blends anywhere from 0 – 100% temperature exceeding 200°C and pressures between up to 2000psi. Facilities capable of safely and controllably testing how metals react in the presence of hydrogen fuel blends will be essential to the industry as the demand for establishing new standards for hydrogen energy transport grows. This case study demonstrates how one might go about designing and testing a novel coating or surface treatment material, and will discuss whether such coatings are viable solutions, and where improvements need to be made.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery: Localization of corrosion during polymer flooding

Product Number: 51323-18888-SG

Author: Moritz Schwingenschlögl, Gunther Ball

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Traditionally, oil recovery operations are subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary stages. EOR is commonly classified as tertiary recovery, where gases, liquid chemicals and thermal energy can be used to enhance the displacement of reservoir fluids. Different sources divide EOR into two to five categories, one particular method, polymer flooding, is based on increasing the fluid viscosity by adding a polymer to the injected water. Polymer EOR is a mobility-control process using a polymer-augmented waterflood, typically a solution of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) or polysaccharides, which is injected to displace oil towards production wells.

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Enhancing Cathodic Protection System Design and Operation Efficiency by Numerical Modeling

Product Number: MECC23-20032-SG

Author: Seonyeob Li; Ashwaq Al Jasmi; Sungwon Jung; Il Yoo; Omar El Sinnary; Kyeong-Wan Park

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) is a well-established technique that effectively prevents corrosion of metals by adjusting the equilibrium potential of metallic structures in an electronegative direction. As the applied current increases, it reduces the anodic dissolution rate, thus leading to a decrease in the corrosion rate. The effectiveness of CP can be confirmed by measuring the protection potential values along the structures, ensuring the uniformity of the applied current, and observing the resultant potential distribution in the field.

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Enhancing Material Integrity through Thin Film Advanced Materials Coating Application for Sweet Gas Wells

Product Number: MECC23-20140-SG

Author: Mansour Alhammad; Nayef Alanazi; Abdullatif Alabdulhadi; Mohammad Alrudayni; Anaam Shaikh Ali

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The oil and gas industry have constantly been striving to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Advanced materials and their enhancement were one of the strategies to achieving the aforementioned goals. These materials are specifically designed to withstand harsh corrosive conditions and sustain production capability over an extended period of time. There’s a number of ways to enhance material integrity of sweet gas wells, including using CRAs, chemical treatment, monitoring wellbore environment and properly maintaining wellbore components.

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Enhancing The Reliability Of Ageing Assets In Utility Plants Though The Application Of RTR

Product Number: 51322-17881-SG

Author: Musab M. Talal, Md Anwar Parvez, Faris M Alkordy

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A Saudi Aramco facility continues to serve a vital rule in the processing and export of crude oil. This facility is one of the few facilities worldwide that is considered to be fully sufficient with different processes within its boundaries. While processing hydrocarbon throughout the day, this facility also processes utilities to serve the nearby community as well as its own oper ation. The raw water that feeds the utility process arrives from a nearby fields through the 24” supply lines. These lines provide n. the subject RO plant within the utility process with the sufficient amount of water to sustain the huge magnitude of operation.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance