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Picture for Effects of Renewable Natural Gas and Hydrogen on Microbially Influenced Corrosion and Souring in Underground Gas Storage
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Effects of Renewable Natural Gas and Hydrogen on Microbially Influenced Corrosion and Souring in Underground Gas Storage

Product Number: 51324-21146-SG
Author: Scott Leleika; Taylor Rambo; Tekle Fida
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Picture for Effects of Silicon Carbide in Corrosion of A36 Gas Shielded Flux Core Welding
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Effects of Silicon Carbide in Corrosion of A36 Gas Shielded Flux Core Welding

Product Number: 51324-21163-SG
Author: Moe A. Rabea; Herbert Wang
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Using Gas Shielded Flux Core welding, a butt joint can be analyzed for surface corrosion. The material used with both of these welding processes in this experiment is 1/4-inch A36 Hot Rolled Flat Bar, cut from a single piece, variations of the stock material are minimized. The material is chosen as it is one of the most prevalent material used in many industries that incorporate heavy steel usage. The flat bar measures 3-inch in width, 1/4-inch in thickness, and are cut into 2-inch test pieces. Two pieces form a single test subject, which are welded together. One set of the test pieces are applied with SiC (Silicon Carbide) before the welding process. Both sets are then welded with Gas Shielded Flux Core welding. The final dimension of the test piece is 1/4-inch x 4-inch x 3-inch. The welded pieces are then subjected to corrosion testing in a salt spray chamber and results are observed. The salt spray chamber is controlled at 1 bar pressure with 180L brine reservoir at 5% NaCl concentration. The temperature is held constant at 45 °C with a humidity of 50%. The test pieces will be subjected to this condition for 96 hours. A parallel corrosion test conducted using 1% HCl solution at ambient temperature, 35 °C, 45°C, and 55°C. The samples are initially weighed and placed in the HCl solution for 24 hours. Weight loss from thermal shock from quenching is also conducted. Subjects are heated to a temperature of 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550°C and quenched for 15 minutes. The final weight is then taken. Microhardness testing is conducted on the weldments. The conclusion of the test reveals that with the incorporation of SiC powder into the welding process, it resulted in less corrosion (weight loss), less weight loss from thermal shock, and increased microhardness.
Picture for Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling
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Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20639-SG
Author: Charles Leballeur; Jean Vittonato; Nicolas Larché; Hervé Marchebois
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion.