AMPP Store - AMPP Conference Papers

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Effect Of Water Chemistry On Crack Growth Rates In Neutron Irradiated X-750 And XM-19

Product Number: ED22-17287-SG

Author: John Jackson, Drew Johnson, Robert G. Carter, Michael Heighes, Peter L. Andresen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

As the current reactor fleet continues to age, with many reactors wanting to extend operational licenses beyond their initial 40 lifetime, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how structural materials in these reactor environments will degrade over time. A critical material degradation mode which can limit the lifetime of reactor components is irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC). As the name implies, a material must be subjected to both a corrosive environment as well as mechanical stresses while the original material microstructure has been affected by irradiation.

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Effect of Zn2+ and Pb2+ on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Sulphide Scale Forming H2S - Containing Environments

Product Number: 51324-20765-SG

Author: Olawale Frank; Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The kinetics of sulphides forming species such as Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+ encountered in geothermal energy systems has the potential to influence the overall corrosion behaviour; uniform and pitting, of carbon steel used in technical equipment. This project investigates the effect of the Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+ within the bulk brine chemistry, on the evolution and surface deposition of sulphide scales; ZnS, PbS and/or FeS at 80oC. The effect of surface deposition of sulphide scales on corrosion product formation, and the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel was investigated over 48 hours. In-situ electrochemical techniques such as LPR was combined with SEM- EDX, and XRD techniques to characterise the electrochemical responses, the composition and morphology of sulphide scales and corrosion product respectively. The extent of pitting corrosion damage on the metal surface was also investigated using white light interferometry. The results shows that bulk precipitation of ZnS & PbS and its subsequent surface deposition directly lowers the bulk pH of the corrosion environment. This was observed to have a direct impact on the overall corrosion characteristics of the corroding interface of carbon steel; this includes effect on FeS morphology, formation kinetics and uniform and pitting corrosion characteristics.

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Effective Corrosion Inhibitor Formulation for Carbon Steel in Downhole Sweet Gas Wells

Product Number: 51323-19009-SG

Author: Ime Bassey Obot, Ahmad A. Sorour, Tao Chen, Qiwei Wang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion of the internal surfaces of pipelines is one of the serious issues facing the oil and gas industry. Produced oil and gas always contain some water mixed with brines and contain varying amounts of carbon dioxide (sweet gas), hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) and organic acids1. All of these can affect the integrity of the low-carbon steel pipes used in the construction of downhole gas wells. CO2 gas, along with the high salt content of production water, causes serious corrosion on the internal walls of corrosion resistance alloys (CRAs) and steel pipelines used in downhole gas wells.

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Effective Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring in Regions Impacted by External DC Polarization Factors

Product Number: 51324-21132-SG

Author: Angel R. Kowalski; Jason Charles Land; W. Brain Holtsbaum

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Effective pipeline external corrosion control can be achieved by maintaining an adequate balance between the coating condition and the cathodic protection level. When a pipeline is in a corridor shared with parallel buried pipelines and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) power transmission lines, determining the adequacy of the cathodic protection (CP) system becomes a challenge. Misinterpretation of data being collected, or unreliable data can lead to the implementation of either ineffective or excessive mitigation programs for these pipelines. To obtain a better representation of the year-round performance of the CP system, additional testing to the conventional adjustive survey or close interval potential survey (CIPS or CIS) might be required on transmission pipelines collocated in HVAC corridors. The variation of the structure-to-electrolyte potential values over time and the effect of polarization cell replacement (PCR) units should be assessed when determining the level of polarization of the pipeline. Data from a case study is analyzed to illustrate additional testing procedures required to minimize the effects of HVAC systems when monitoring the CP level on transmission pipelines. The proper interpretation of the field monitoring data allows pipeline operators to develop and implement effective corrosion control mitigation plans.

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Effective Sand Management Using Complimentary Non-Intrusive Erosion Monitoring Solutions

Product Number: 51324-20641-SG

Author: Anca Dienes; William Fazackerley

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sand production and erosion pose significant challenges in the oil and gas industry, leading to equipment damage, production loss, and costly repairs. Existing sand control techniques such as well completion, sand screens, sand separation, or predictive models for sand production are not 100% effective. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to sand management utilizing complimentary non-intrusive erosion monitoring solutions. The focus is on the integration of acoustic sensors and ultrasonic thickness sensors to detect and assess sand particles in pipelines and process equipment. The use of acoustic sensors enables the detection and characterization of particles, including sand, through their unique acoustic signatures. These sensors provide real-time data, allowing for proactive monitoring of sand production and erosion. In combination with ultrasonic thickness sensors, which provide accurate measurements of material thickness, a risk and impact calculation can be derived. By analysing the risk value obtained from the acoustic sensor and the impact value obtained from the thickness sensor, an overall assessment of asset health can be determined. To facilitate effective sand management, the proposed solution incorporates the integration of these sensors into a single package, accompanied by specialised software. The software allows for comprehensive data analysis, trending, and future predictions. By utilising this integrated system, operators can gain actionable insights into the condition of their assets, enabling timely intervention and mitigation strategies. The benefits of this approach include enhanced asset integrity, reduced downtime, and improved maintenance planning. Additionally, the ability to monitor sand production and erosion in real-time empowers operators to optimize production rates while ensuring the integrity of their infrastructure. This paper presents a practical and cost-effective solution for effective sand management in the oil and gas industry. By leveraging complimentary non-intrusive erosion monitoring solutions, operators can mitigate risks associated with sand production, extend the operational life of their equipment, and optimize production efficiency.

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Effective SCC Inspection Of In-Situ Oil Sands Pipelines Using Advanced Eddy Current Array Technology

Product Number: 51322-17981-SG

Author: Michael Sirois, Mathieu Bouchard

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

ECA technologies are not very well known in the oil and gas industry and are still undeservedly suffering from the bad reputation of traditional eddy current testing from twenty years ago. Eddy current techniques are often humorously compared to "black magic" in the sense that the results are difficult to understand, the probes are complicated to use, and only eddy current gurus can use it efficiently. However, ECA has evolved significantly over the past 15 years and is now much easier and more intuitive to use.

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Effectiveness of the Methods for Detection and Evaluation of Corrosion on the ReinforcementSteel of RC Structures – A State-Of-Practice Review

Product Number: MECC23-20127-SG

Author: Carlos E. Acero

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the most common forms of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, having a large impact on both their life-cycle cost, and overall performance. For example, according to the 2021 Report Card for American’s Infrastructure of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) [1], the amount of money needed to fix existing civil infrastructures in the USA is in the order of six (6) trillion USD; most of this is in connection to corrosion-related concrete deterioration.

Corrosion of steel embedded in concrete is an electrochemical process that occurs when a potential difference along the bars forms a cell with anode and cathode zones on the steel, and the pore water in the hardened cement paste serves as electrolyte [2].

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors under Bacterial Activity for Aboveground Storage Tank Application

Product Number: 51324-20789-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Roderick E. Fuentes; Andrew Nordquist; Bruce J. Wiersma; Ingrid Pederson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Bacterial activity is known to influence corrosion and can result in increasing soil-side corrosion of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) floor plates. Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP) defines this phenomenon as Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). It has been hypothesized that vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) can not only function in presence of bacterial activity but can also function as biocides. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of bacterial activity on corrosion in the sand pad conditions and effect of VCIs in mitigating MIC. Various bacteria cultures were grown using commercially available culture media, and coupon exposure tests were performed with field sand mixed with the culture media. To this end, control and VCI-dosed electrolytes were prepared using the field sand plus bacteria cultures. Pre- and post-test bacteria concentration estimation and measurements, respectively, in the VCI-dosed electrolytes indicated that VCIs do not function as biocides, however, VCIs are highly effective for mitigating corrosion in presence of bacterial activity.

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors under Elevated Chloride Conditions for Aboveground Storage Tank Application

Product Number: 51324-20791-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Roderick E. Fuentes; Andrew Nordquist; Bruce J. Wiersma; Ingrid Pederson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The sand quality used to construct the tank pad is an important contributing factor to the rate of corrosion that occurs on the soil-side of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) floor plates. Clean sand that meets specific criteria provides the first line of defense for mitigation of tank floor corrosion. However, it has been observed that the sand quality used for some existing tanks differ greatly from the specifications provided in the API 651 standard; this could be partially due to initial sand quality not meeting the specification, and partially due to the environmental effects over time. For example, rain-water intrusion could lead to higher than the specified contents of corrosive species such as chloride. Tank operators are increasingly using vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) either as a stand alone or in combination with cathodic protection (CP) for ASTs to mitigate soil-side corrosion. VCIs are delivered either through-the-floor or injected through the ports in the ring wall. Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate VCIs’ performance at elevated chloride concentrations and to study the effectiveness of the delivery methods under extreme chloride conditions. The experimental work found that VCI performance is robust and not compromised due to high chloride levels, such as 300 ppm or more. The work also showed that the through-the-floor VCI delivery method is more beneficial compared to the through-the-sand-pad method when tank pad corrosivity is elevated.

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Effects of Corrosion and Wildfires on Galvanized Steel Towers: A Case Study with Wildfire and Corrosion Sensors

Product Number: 51324-20844-SG

Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh; Anil Kumar Chikkam; George T. Bayer; Clinton Char; Carolyn Tome

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

With the rising prevalence of climate change, utilities are facing increased risk and consequences from accelerated corrosion and wildfires, particularly in the state of California and British Columbia. These fires have the potential to compromise the integrity of galvanized steel lattice towers, widely used in high voltage transmission lines. Considering this, it is crucial for utilities to assess the potential risks and deploy corrosion control and postfire inspection strategies. This paper investigates the effects of corrosion and wildfires on these structures and presents a case study involving real-time monitoring sensors for early risk identification and evaluation. This paper aims to shed light on the challenges posed by wildfires and corrosion to utility structures and provides actionable insights for future preparedness. With escalating concerns about climate change, utilities must adapt their strategies for a more resilient future.

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Effects of Environmental Exposure on Mechanical and Barrier Properties of an Aircraft Coating System

Product Number: 51324-21200-SG

Author: Attilio Arcari; Steven A. Policastro; Rachel M. Anderson; Carlos M. Hangarter; Erick B. Iezzi

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Laboratory and outdoor exposure testing can be used to provide controlled or well-characterized environments for understanding how environmental factors alter coating system properties that can be used to understand systems employed on aircraft. Accurate determination of the state of the coating system would help eliminate unnecessary paint removal operations and thereby reduce worker exposure to, and costs associated with, hazardous materials handling arising from paint removal and repainting operations. A commercial aircraft coating system was exposed to laboratory environmental stressors and outdoor exposure on an atmospheric exposure rack to mimic in-service environments. Equivalent circuit parameter values of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were linked to mechanisms affecting the deterioration of the coating system in response to in-service environmental exposures. Laboratory and outdoor fatigue testing of the coating system and primer coating resulted in cracking of the coating layers. These cracks allowed faster ingress of electrolyte, as seen in EIS measurements, which would shorten the lifespan of the coatings. Area scans using a scanning Kelvin probe instrument were consistent with the EIS interpretation of fatigue degrading the coating barrier properties, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed an increased linear density of pretreatment cracks in the fatigued coating samples.

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Effects of NaCl on Corrosion and Cracking Susceptibility of OCTG C110 Steel in Sour Environments

Product Number: 51323-19010-SG

Author: Lianlian Liu, Raymundo Case

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The catastrophic failure of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) carbon steel C110 pipelines can cause huge economic loss and environmental pollution. Most studies reported that sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is the principal failure type of C110 pipelines in sour environments. The mechanism of SSC can be described as follows: The adsorbed H2S on the steel surface can accelerate the hydrogen uptake by accelerating the hydrogen reduction reaction and catalyzing the hydrogen absorption process. The absorbed hydrogen atoms accumulate in the stress-concentrated region.