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Picture for Compatibility of Dope Free Solution with Dense CO2 Streams
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Compatibility of Dope Free Solution with Dense CO2 Streams

Product Number: 51324-20930-SG
Author: Cecile Millet; Guillaume Néel; Florian Thébault; Pierre Mauger
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In the framework of the injection of anthropogenic CO2 for supporting energy transition, more and more wells will be used for injecting dense CO2 streams. Dope free solutions for premium OCTG connections to replace both storage and running thread compounds are beneficial for saving time (lower running time), for environmental considerations (no discharge of dope) as well as improving running performances. However, they have never been qualified in dense CO2 stream environments containing brines, while dense CO2 is known to be a good solvent toward polymers. A test protocol has been designed for that purpose, that combines an exposure to dense CO2 stream then to CO2 saturated brine environment. The objective is to duplicate a CO2 injection well life, from the start of the production, shut-in phases with formation water going up the tubing and restart (saturation of the brines with high CO2 pressure). Evaluation of the performance of a proprietary dope free solution was done by direct comparison with conventional running compounds. It has been observed a resistance of the dope free connection to dense CO2 at least as good as the dope connection on a super duplex material.
Compatibility of Steels at 450°-650°C in Supercritical CO2 with O2 and H2O Additions
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Compatibility Of Steels At 450°-650°C In Supercritical CO2 With O2 And H2O Additions

Product Number: 51322-18018-SG
Author: B. A. Pint, M. J. Lance, R. Pillai, J. R. Keiser
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Using supercritical CO2 (sCO2) as a working fluid is being explored for a number of power generation technologies including fossil, nuclear, geothermal, concentrating solar power (CSP) and waste heat recovery1-7.  The various sCO2 cycles are attractive because of the low critical point (31°C/73.8 bar) and the reduced work of compression compared to an ideal gas.  While CO2 is sometimes described as inert, there is a long history of component degradation in subcritical and supercritical CO2 and a particular concern about internal carburization8-16. 
Picture for Compatibility Study of HDPE Internal Lining in Carbon Steels for Polymer Injection and Mixing Applications
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Compatibility Study of HDPE Internal Lining in Carbon Steels for Polymer Injection and Mixing Applications

Product Number: 51324-20607-SG
Author: Ahmed Al Yahyaai; Amjad Al Kharusi; Bushra Al Hudar; Hilal Al Shuhumi; Mohammed Al Maqbali
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Oil and gas production consider the nature of the reservoir and the complexity of the forming layers as a governing factor. One of the major challenges that are faced in the oil and gas upstream industry is the complexity of the reservoir in which the production requires enhanced recovery process. Polymer injection is one of the methods that is used widely to enhance the production and increase it accordingly. However, after the polymer preparation and mixing process, a system of flowlines and pipelines is utilized to carry over the final polymer product to the injection wells. This requires a comprehensive study of the material selection options for the pipelines and flowlines that are considered based on their performance, low maintenance requirement, and cost effectiveness. This paper focuses on the testing and qualification of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) internal lined carbon steel that is considered as one of the material selection options for polymer transfer. Further, material selection options are discussed along with the testing and qualification requirements. Compatibility of the high concentrated polymer liquid with HDPE material was tested to design HDPE liner inside CS pipes to transport and inject the polymer into the wells.
Picture for Complete Project Coating Inspection Includes Inspecting Shop Applied Coatings
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Complete Project Coating Inspection Includes Inspecting Shop Applied Coatings

Product Number: 51323-19217-SG
Author: Murray Heywood
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Critical procedures at blasting and coating shops and steel fabricating shops, include surface preparation, application of primer coats, often shop applications include intermediate coat application, as well as occasionally including topcoat application. These phases of the process are absolutely critical to the long-term success of coating/lining projects. If the industry is serious about quality, specifiers must include language in the project specifications to include mandatory independent qualified coating inspection during shop coating applications.
Picture for Composite Repairs And Cathodic Protection
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Composite Repairs And Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51322-17825-SG
Author: David B. Futch, Davie Peguero, ,\Casey Whalen, Stephen Barnett
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The motivation for this work was to perform a comprehensive test program to investigate several commercially available composite repair systems and their interactions with cathodic protection. Multiple test methods were utilized to prove there remains a low probability of shielding for composites of typical thickness and in a typical environment. This work will also discuss how results from current industry qualification tests (such as those specified in ASME PCC-2) can be considered when making long-term decisions regarding the effects of cathodic protection on composite repairs and the pipelines on which they are installed. This paper provides an innovative approach to test and validate the interactions of cathodic protection with several commercially available composite repair systems.
Picture for Compostable VCI Film Brings Corrosion Protection "Back to Nature"
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Compostable VCI Film Brings Corrosion Protection "Back to Nature"

Product Number: 51324-20431-SG
Author: Djurin Antonia; Ming Shen; Dijana Zrinski; Julie Holmquist
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Presented here is a certified industrial compostable vapor phase corrosion inhibitor film that meets EN 13432/ASTM D6400 standards for commercial compostability. It passes NACE VIA (Vapor Inhibiting Ability) requirements and provides the same corrosion protection as conventional inhibitor film. But unlike conventional film going to a landfill or, worse, becoming ocean debris, this compostable film will biodegrade in an industrial compost site and go back to soil components without posing an ecotoxicity threat to plant growth. The paper will discuss the material's construction, mechanical properties, and corrosion performance. This film has been adopted successfully by a major European auto maker for shipping parts around the world.
Picture for Comprehensive Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) Management for Cryogenic Service: A Facility-Specific Approach with Broad Industry Implications
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Comprehensive Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) Management for Cryogenic Service: A Facility-Specific Approach with Broad Industry Implications

Product Number: 51324-21071-SG
Author: Abdullah M. Alratoee; Ricardo S. Costa; Meshary A. Al-Bahli; Faisal M. Al-Mutahhar; Mohamed A. Ahmed
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In the realm of corrosion management, corrosion under insulation (CUI) poses significant challenges, particularly for facilities operating in cryogenic service. A comprehensive approach to understanding and mitigating CUI risks is crucial for ensuring asset integrity, safety, and operational efficiency. This paper presents an in-depth case study of a natural gas liquids (NGL) fractionation facility, demonstrating the successful implementation of a holistic CUI management strategy applicable to a broader industry context. Notably, the facility has faced unique challenges, as some circuits have not been shut down or inspected for the past 40 years. The paper details the extensive work carried out, encompassing risk mapping, mitigation strategies, inspection planning and prioritization, and repair planning. By adopting a systematic approach, the study effectively identifies and addresses CUI risks in the facility's cryogenic service operations. The results of this research contribute to the existing body of knowledge on CUI management in cryogenic service, offering a recommended path forward for the industry to tackle CUI-related issues. By showcasing a comprehensive and adaptable approach, this paper holds great potential to foster increased safety, reliability, and efficiency in the corrosion industry, paving the way for future research and collaboration.
Comprehensive Laboratory Analysis of AC Coupon Test Stations
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Comprehensive Laboratory Analysis Of AC Coupon Test Stations

Product Number: 51322-18151-SG
Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh, Martin Latona, George Bayer, Anil Kumar Chikkam
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Several alternating current (AC) coupon test stations (CTS) located near AC power lines were investigated to assess the AC interference corrosion risk of the test coupons. Asstation consisted of two ½ inch (1.27 cm) diameter and 1received each AC test inch (2.54 cm) long carbon steel (CS ) coupons. Coupons are much larger than 1 cm 2 and current density measurements are not 100% relatable to the SP21424 or ISO 18086 criteria, since these refer to measurements on (typically) 1 cm2 . The current densities measured on the coupons in this study will underestimate the AC corrosion threat. 
Picture for Computational Methods for Estimating Pipeline High Voltage Induction Susceptibility
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Computational Methods for Estimating Pipeline High Voltage Induction Susceptibility

Product Number: 51324-20738-SG
Author: Thomas Hayden; Christian Akuchie; Joseph Mazzella
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Estimating inductive corrosion susceptibility to pipeline systems from high-voltage transmission equipment is a well-studied problem. The mathematics for computing induced current is well known, dating back to fundamental 19th-century electromagnetism research. Yet, estimating induced current using those calculus-based equations is rarely done due to computational and data requirements. As such, most high-voltage induction risk studies use a series of approximations. The need for improved susceptibility estimation has expanded in the last two years alone. Due to economic and environmental concerns, governments and private organizations have begun re-investing resources in national electrical transmission networks. Furthermore, improved load-balancing techniques, new construction, environmental concerns, and dynamic line rating regulation have instantiated a more volatile problem for risk assessment. Computational technology is catching up, and there are powerful three-dimensional deterministic techniques for estimating corrosion susceptibility. This paper presents one approach using geospatial datasets to construct a digital twin and calculus-based methods to assess corrosion susceptibility. In addition, feature data and decoupler information from a North American pipeline operator is used to model current mitigation and grounding.
Picture for Concrete Reinforcement Corrosion Forecasting with Potential-Dependent Threshold: Migration Effects
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Concrete Reinforcement Corrosion Forecasting with Potential-Dependent Threshold: Migration Effects

Product Number: 51324-20744-SG
Author: Alberto A. Sagüés; Christopher L. Alexander
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Traditional forecasts of steel corrosion in concrete can be markedly inadequate if based on chloride threshold (CT) values that do not evolve with structure age. Previous work that considered the increase in CT due to macrocell-induced steel potential drop around newly corroded steel zones showed that the traditional forecast can be much too conservative at long service ages, while insufficiently so at early ages. In that work, CT was simplified as a single function of steel potential. Here we take initial steps to consider not only that local (intrinsic) effect, but also the (extrinsic) effect from the macrocell electric fields on the distribution of chloride and hydroxide ions. Those factors are implemented in a tentative finite element multiphysics time evolution model, coupled with electrode reactions at the steel surface. Model viability is assessed. The ultimate goal is to produce damage functions to serve as a powerful tool for deciding on alternative corrosion control approaches.
Picture for Concrete Structures in Wastewater Environments: Key Considerations for Substrate Repair and Surface Preparation for Protective Coatings/Linings Applications
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Concrete Structures in Wastewater Environments: Key Considerations for Substrate Repair and Surface Preparation for Protective Coatings/Linings Applications

Product Number: 51324-20364-SG
Author: Brian Cheshire; Vaughn O'Dea
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Concrete is the most predominately used construction material for wastewater collection and treatment facilities. Nevertheless, there are still many questions and misconceptions on how to properly evaluate this substrate prior to commencing a coating or lining project. Knowing how to address any defects or necessary repairs is imperative for all projects, but in many cases, some of these repairs or details are omitted. In turn, questions still arise from the field on how to properly prepare these surfaces. Answering these questions is a vital task, as surface preparation is a major component in the successful installation of protective linings or polymer concretes. The main goal for any concrete coating project is the long-term protection of the substrate from corrosive and physical forces, which cannot be achieved without all these key steps taking place prior to placing the asset into immersion or chemical containment service. In summary, this paper will review the common forms of concrete attack mechanisms that occur in wastewater environments and will also review current industry best practices to repair (and prepare) concrete prior to the application of polymer concretes or high-performance protective linings. Some select case histories will be discussed in order to illustrate some of the concepts covered throughout the paper.
Picture for Condition Assessment of 66 kV Underground Transmission Lines in Concrete Vaults
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Condition Assessment of 66 kV Underground Transmission Lines in Concrete Vaults

Product Number: 51324-20826-SG
Author: Anil Kumar Chikkam; Aaron Ulmer; Nathan Pace; Mehrooz Zamanzadeh
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
This paper focuses on assessing the condition of steel pipe cable sections within concrete vaults, serving as protective covers for conductors transmitting up to 66,000 volts. To prevent internal corrosion and short circuits, these cables are filled with pressurized oil. However, water accumulation during storms frequently submerges the cables in water in the concrete vaults, presenting significant challenges for external corrosion protection. Through condition assessment, it was determined that the coating on the 6-5/8" (16.8 cm) diameter steel carrier pipe remained in satisfactory condition. However, the coating on the 14" (35.56 cm) diameter steel casing exhibited poor condition and no longer provided adequate corrosion protection. This paper investigates the underlying causes of premature coating failure and proposes a recommended coating system considering the elevated temperatures experienced by the pipe cables. The findings contribute to enhancing the durability and effectiveness of coatings for submerged steel pipe cables, addressing the challenges posed by water submersion and ensuring long-term corrosion protection. Also, we discuss the temperature and corrosion monitoring by wireless Sensor.
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