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Comments On Standards Development For Selection And Specification Of Subsea Materials

Product Number: 51322-17491-SG

Author: Russell D. Kane

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, the major standard for material selection today is ANSI¹/NACE² MR0175/ISO 15156 Parts 1-3. [1] While this standard deals extensively with environment cracking and its prevention for materials under exposure to production environments containing H₂S, CO2, chlorides, and sulfur, it does not include any guidance or material requirements for resistance to environmental cracking (such as hydrogen stress cracking – HSC, or otherwise) under variable subsea conditions that involve exposure to seawater with varying levels of cathodic protection (CP). ISO 21457 [2] provides further guidance for materials selection and corrosion control for oil and gas production systems but does not provide adequate coverage of the issue of environmental cracking in subsea applications with CP.

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Comparative Studies on Corrosion Performance of UNS R20033 under Batch-mode Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) Conversion of Typical Model Compounds in Lignocellulosic Biomass

Product Number: 51324-21156-SG

Author: Haoyu Wang; Xue Han; Minkang Liu; Yimin Zeng; Chunbao Charles Xu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an important thermochemical technology which uses hot pressurized water to convert wet biomass or biowaste feedstocks into biocrude oils and other marketable bio-chemicals. However, the widespread commercialization of HTL technology could be challenging due to the corrosion of process core equipment, especially the refining reactors. The presence of hot pressurized water, aggressive catalyst, and organic products can lead to serious corrosion damage and even stress corrosion cracking risks on HTL reactors. Lignocellulosic biomass comprises three primary components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These components exhibit distinct behaviors during HTL conversion, leading to variations in the chemical environment and properties of the resulting products. This study aims to compare the corrosion modes and extents of a typical austenitic alloy (UNS R20033) under HTL of three typical biomass model compounds (cellulose, xylan, and alkali lignin) to facilitate the development of corrosion mechanisms in biomass HTL environment.

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Comparative Study of FBE Internal Coatings in CO2/H2S/N2-brine/MEG

Product Number: MECC23-20099-SG

Author: Abdulrahman Al-Huwaiji; Turki Al-Khaldi; Zahrah Al-Tarooti; Khalid Al-Mudarra; Anas Al-Rushaid; Haitham Al-Juhani

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) organic coatings have been widely used in the oil and gas industry for more than 50 years for internal and external pipeline applications, as they have been proven to efficiently provide good pipeline corrosion protection for many years. As demand for oil increases leading oil and gas companies to expand operations and venture into fields and depths more severe than ever before, there is an expectation for FBE coatings to also evolve in order to meet these new corrosion challenges[1]. One main challenge in the selection of FBE coatings, is the qualification of organic coatings that can handle sweet and sour services at high pressures in NaCl and MEG media [2].

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Comparative study of residual stresses generated in an epoxy coating on carbon steel and stainless steel after thermal aging

Product Number: 51323-19102-SG

Author: Janice Xin Yee, Ng, Hanan Farhat, Thunyaluk Pojtanabuntoeng, Arun Mathew, Qing Cao, Mariano Iannuzzi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a widespread corrosion phenomenon in many industries since it was first described in 1965. CUI generally occurs when moisture is retained within thermal insulation and metal interface and when the protective coating breaks down. Improper installation and eventual damage to metal jacketing act as an entry point for water. The rate of CUI can be further accelerated depending on the amount of leached corrosive species and the operating parameters.

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Comparative Study of the Effect of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria on Cathodic Protection under Simulated Blisters

Product Number: 51324-21195-SG

Author: Lisseth Ocando; Oladis Troconis de Rincón; Matilde F. de Romero; Antonio De Turris

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This work presents a comparison of the effect generated by a mixed culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated from a natural estuary in western Venezuela, on the cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel under simulated blisters. The laboratory study was carried out simultaneously measuring attack morphology, polarized potential, pH, and sessile growth, inside a simulated blister in a special cell arrangement, using two types of coatings: one 100% solids epoxy, and the other one, a tape type, which consists of the combination of a geo mesh-polypropylene textile and tarred rubber. A potential of -3.2 V vs. Copper Sulfate Electrode (CSE) was applied, which allowed to reach polarized potentials more negative than -950 mV Vs. CSE without the presence of coatings. Various conditions were considered for the study: A) sterile medium, B) sterile medium inoculated with SRB only outside the blister, and C) sterile medium inoculated outside and inside the blister. The correlation of the results for each case allowed the establishment of different comparative tables that could help to improve corrosion management methods of buried or submerged pipelines in presence of SRB. In all cases, a decrease in CP efficiency under the blister was demonstrated.

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Comparing AC Study Techniques In Addressing AC Corrosion Risk

Product Number: 51322-17735-SG

Author: Perry Ross

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

AC interference studies have become increasingly popular in an industry where shared right of ways have increased and there has been a better understanding of how AC interacts between pipelines and powerlines that are collocated with each other. While modeling software for AC interference studies have been developed since the 1990s, advancement in AC interference processes have occurred as more has been learned over the years. When performing an AC interference study there are three steps that need to be completed: field data collection, modeling, and mitigation design. Within this paper, we can compare a project from ten years ago to a project from today to understand the developments that have been made over the course of time to improve the way we develop our mitigation designs.

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Comparing Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation Times of Sensitized 304 Stainless Steel in KOH And LiOH Primary Water Chemistries with High Levels Of Dissolved Oxygen

Product Number: ED22-18341-SG

Author: Stuart Medway, Peter Chou, David Tice

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The testing described in this paper is part of a wider initiative by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to perform a due-diligence assessment to support possible application to plants and demonstrate the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in western Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used in the primary coolant loop of PWRs to modify the pH of the coolant water. LiOH is most commonly used as the alkalizing substance as 7Li is already present in the water
chemistry as a by-product of the neutron reaction with boron (10B). To reduce the risk of accelerated corrosion of the Zircaloy fuel cladding material, there is an upper limit of 3.5 ppm for 7Li, although standard starting chemistry is typically 2 ppm. The amount of lithium is subsequently reduced during operation as the required level of boron is reduced due to fuel burnup through the fuel lifecycle.

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Comparison Of Atmospheric Corrosion Of Silver Across Multiple Locations

Product Number: 51322-17621-SG

Author: Douglas C Hansen, Ronald Zeszut, David Rubino

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Atmospheric corrosion of bare metals is a constantly occurring process that can cause significant damage to metal components and structures. For this reason, it has been extensively studied, especially for steel and aluminum alloys.^1-8 Environmental exposure testing is a common method for studying and characterizing the corrosion severity of a location, which allows for comparison with other regions. Much of this data collection is directed toward development of predictive models for corrosion processes, with the goal of estimating corrosion damage based on environmental conditions.

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Comparison of the Corrosion Performance of the As-Printed Surface of SLM 316L to Bulk Material and Wrought Counterpart

Product Number: 51324-20994-SG

Author: Reece Goldsberry; Raymundo Case; Bilal Mansoor; Homero Castaneda

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The effect of laser power on the surface finish and corrosion resistance of as-printed selective laser melted 316L was studied. As-printed surface quality and corrosion response compared to wrought 316L and bulk printed material. The surface quality of the as-printed samples was measured through surface topography and high-resolution techniques. The corrosion resistance was measured using AC and DC electrochemical techniques. The as-printed samples displayed two breakdown stages during polarization. Transpassive behavior occurred at lower potentials, followed by a complete breakdown potential that was near the breakdown potential of the bulk SLM material. The polarization resistance measured from equivalent circuits was very similar to the values obtained for wrought and bulk SLM material.

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Comparison of the Life Cycle Cost of Carbon Steel, Duplex Stainless Steels, Super Austenitic, and Nickel-Based Alloys for Crude Unit Overheard Condensers

Product Number: 51324-21175-SG

Author: Karen Picker; Luiza Esteves

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A refinery in the U.S. Gulf Coast had been using carbon steel tubes in two crude unit overhead condensers that suffered severe corrosion leading to premature failure after just 6 months in service. The metallurgy of the tube bundles was later upgraded to super duplex, UNS S32750, and hyper duplex stainless steel (DSS), S32707, which extended the service life to 12 months and two years, respectively. Failure analysis of the DSS indicated that the corrosion started as under-deposit corrosion. Selective corrosion occurred, where the ferrite phase suffered a preferential corrosion attack. Super Austenitic Alloy 35, UNS N08935, was recommended as an economical alternative to nickel Alloys 625 (UNS N0625 and C-276 (UNS N10276). Material selection and life-cycle cost analysis helped the end user select the super austenitic Alloy as the material of choice for the upgrade. The bundles have been in service for more than two years. This paper evaluates the materials selection process, fabrication cost, and life cycle cost analysis of the different Alloys used in these bundles since the first carbon steel upgrade through the present time.

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Comparison of the Test Severity of HLP Test Solution and NACE TM0284-2016 Test Solution C in HIC Testing

Product Number: 51323-19026-SG

Author: Thomas Haase, Christoph Bosch, Christoph Kalwa

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Steel pipelines designated for the transport of oil and gas containing wet hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are faced
with the risk of sudden and severe cracking. In sour environments containing water and H2S, hydrogen
atoms, originating from the anodic dissolution of the material, can diffuse into the steel and induce severe
damage. Different forms of cracking may occur, such as Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), Sulfide
Stress Cracking (SSC) or Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC).

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Comparison of Two ASTM E1820 Standard Fracture Toughness Test Methods for LAS Material in Deaerated Saltwater under Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51324-21094-SG

Author: Arshad B Gavanluei; Joseph Wilhelmi; Paul Bunch; Matt Vaclavik; Fokion Oikonomidis

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Low alloy steels (LAS), frequently used for pressure-containing equipment in subsea applications, are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement when exposed to seawater environments under cathodic protection (CP), which can result in a reduction of toughness and ductility. Fracture toughness, which is an indication of a material’s resistance to crack propagation and unstable crack growth, is often determined from laboratory tests for design verification analysis or fitness-for-service applications. In hydrogen charging environments such as deaerated saltwater under CP, the fracture toughness is typically measured using either an unloading compliance (UC) or a rising displacement DCPD test method, both of which are described for air testing in the current ASTM E1820 standard. In this study, slow load rate fracture toughness tests on compact tension C(T) specimens using both test methods on the same heat of material are performed and compared. The tests are performed in a deaerated saltwater under CP environment using the same targeted K-rate of 0.005N/mm3/2/s. The UC test method is performed with a clip gauge for load-line displacement (LLD) and in-situ crack depth measurement, and the rising displacement DCPD test method infers LLD indirectly and uses DCPD for crack depth prediction. A comparison of the test results indicated a 35-65% increase in the calculated ???????? fracture toughness of the material when using the rising displacement DCPD test method.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance