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As oilfield technologies have advanced, they have made high temperature (HT) reservoirs more accessible. HTs make the application of chemical more difficult because chemical instability at HT restricts what intermediates will work in these environments and the safety and complexity of HT testing further adds to the challenge.
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Erosion is a major threat to liquid hydrocarbon transmission pipeline integrity when high liquid flow ratesare combined with the presence of solid particles. However, there is currently no generally acceptedguidance document or standard by which liquid petroleum pipeline operators can define maximum allowable velocities to manage the threat of erosion in their pipelines.
The External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) is formally listed as an acceptable integrity assessment method within Subpart O, Part 192 of the code of federal regulations regarding gas transmission pipeline integrity management2. It is a 4 step continuous improvement process to identify and address locations where external corrosion activity has occurred, is occurring or may occur1. In the pre-assessment phase, a comprehensive right-of-way inspection is performed, and pipeline operability data is collected to verify the feasibility of conducting a full ECDA for the pipeline under evaluation. In the indirect inspection phase, the status of cathodic protection and pipeline coating is tested using methods such as Close Interval Potential Surveys (CIPS) and Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG) surveys.
One can find some of the most aggressive and corrosive environments for coatings in the process work and equipment functions for Oil and Gas Upstream facilities. These conditions have typically been handled using traditional coating options such as vinyl esters, epoxies, or baked phenolic linings. While these products are often tailored to environments with elevated temperatures and pressures found within upstream and “downhole” oil and gas production, the inception of new drilling techniques and the discovery of new shale basins has morphed the landscape of corrosive environments in this market.
In recent years, solar energy technology has received particular emphasis in the interest of reducing CO2 emissions. Concentrated solar power (CSP) technology received an initial boost from the installation of nine parabolic trough-based electricity-generating systems totaling 354 megawatts of capacity in the 1980’s. Solar One, operational in 1982 and supported by the DOE and an industrial consortium, illustrate utilization of a circulating heat transfer fluid to produce steam to drive a turbine generating electricity. Solar Two in 1996 demonstrated energy storage so that solar power could be generated during the night.1 In the ensuing decades, additional capacity has increasingly been installed worldwide, comprised primarily of both parabolic trough and central tower CSP technologies, As of 2019, global installed capacity totaled 6.2 GW, with an additional 21 GWh planned of installed thermal energy storage (TES) comprised primarily of molten salts.
Electroplating is a commonly used technique in a variety of industries for applying metallic coatings to a surface to enhance corrosion resistance, hardness and wear characteristics, for appearances, antigalling, conductivity, radiation shielding, or a variety of other deposit characteristics. Typical electroplating occurs when the part to be plated is submersed in a tank of plating solution with an anode and electrical current is applied between the two. Using this method, any part of the work piece which does not require plating must be physically masked off with a non-electrically conductive material such as tape in order to keep the plating material from adhering where it is not wanted.
The impact of corrosion on society is enormous. The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) estimated that the global total cost of corrosion is ~$2.5 trillion (USD), approximately 3.4% of global GDP.1 In 2016, NACE released the “International Measures of Prevention, Applications, and Economics of Corrosion Technology” which estimates that implementing corrosion prevention best General Business practices could result in global savings between 13-15 percent of the cost of damage, or a savings between $375-875 billion (USD) annually on a global basis.
The purpose of the “Bore Test” is to know the external quality of the coating after the installation of the pipe section, as picture 1. NACE standard “TM-102-2002-SG”1a defines four kinds of coating quality such as: excellent, good, fair and poor. To know the final quality of coating with this procedure. It was used two different electrical tests. DC current test using minimum voltage drop method and, the 3 pole test which is called by the same manufacture of the Multifunction Ground Resistance tester.
CLTWater is one of the largest water entities in the Southeast region, managing a total of ten water and wastewater treatment plants serving a population of approximately one million. The MCWWMF is the largest wastewater treatment plant of five wastewater facilities owned and operated by CLTWater, rated at a 64 MGD treatment capacity and accounting for over half of CLTWater’s wastewater treatment system.
The paper written in 2019 concluded the following; Whilst we may think that all blast pots are the same, these tests show that not to be the case. The design of the pipework, remote control valves and media valves all contribute to the efficiency of the pot. The ability to precisely control the amount of grit being introduced into the airstream gives the operator much more control over grit usage and therefore overall efficiency and hence cost.
The formation of mineral scales is one of the most problematic threats to the oil and gas operations which can lead to loss of production, increased lifting costs and assets deterioration.1 Mineral scales can precipitate at any locations within an oil and gas production system and create blockage in perforations, production tubulars, pumps, and surface equipment. The formation of scale deposits can be attributed to the mixing of incompatible waters from different production zones or physical and chemical condition changes associated with produced water transporting from reservoir to wellhead and further to processing facilities.
Two of the most common acid gases produced by the refining industry are chloride compounds such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These compounds can react with water to form solutions of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid. Droplets that condense are often highly concentrated, and acid concentrations in excess of 10% can be expected.1 A common source of these gaseous compounds is the overhead exhaust/vent of regeneration tower within a Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR) unit. Chloride compounds in the regenerator vent gas are absorbed in 1 wt.% caustic (NaOH) by subsequent contact in a venturi scrubber (ejector), before venting chloride free gas to atmosphere through a wash tower.