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In this paper, a case study is presented for a marine structure for which modelling has been used to predict the protection potentials over the life of the structure.
The aim of any digital transformation of integrity management and in particular corrosion control is the improvement of communication efficiency, planning efficiency and maintenance efficiency. Key issues are predictive maintenance and clarity of the information available so engineers can make informed decisions. Therefore it is not just a question of collecting more information but also the way that information is used and shared with the decision-makers.
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Inorganic scale deposition is a major issue for the oil and gas industry as it can block perforations, production tubing, valves, chokes and prevent topside heat exchangers and fluid separation equipment from functioning effectively.
Corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) are used for many pipeline and wellhead components associated with oil and gas production environments but may be considered too costly for longer crude oil and natural gas production lines. Mitigation of internal corrosion for these types of pipelines is normally carried out by batch treatment or continuous injection of corrosion inhibitors, especially the surfactant type of organic inhibitors, which are more economical than using a CRA.
The threshold hydrogen content of a material regarding hydrogen embrittlement plays an increasingly important role in corrosion research. This value indicates the hydrogen content to which the material can be used without failure. However, when determining the threshold hydrogen content, different test methods, different analysis methods and different interpretations of the results come together. This paper is intended to provide a guideline for the determination of the critical hydrogen concentration of high strength steel wire samples.
Corrosion and wear resistance has always been among the highly important parameters forequipment and piping in oil and gas facilities. The corrosion is considered as the deteriorationof materials as a result of electrochemical reaction with surrounding environment or containedservice. Wear is defined as the removal and deformation of material due to mechanicalinteraction between two or more objects. Increased demand for surface protection and reducedoperative costs touts for protective coatings with improved mechanical, electrochemical, andtribological properties.
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are based on the Fe-Cr-Ni system and are constituted of 30 to 70 % ferrite and austenite. They combine high tensile strength, good toughness, weldability, and excellent corrosion resistance including stress-corrosion cracking and resistance to localized corrosion.1-3 DSSs can be classified according to the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN = Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N) in lean duplex (PREN= 22-27), standard (PREN = 28-38), super duplex (PREN = 38-45) and hyperduplex (PREN > 45).
Once a coating system has been breached, protection is afforded by the availability of inhibitors at the defect site. The onset of subsequent corrosion, therefore, is a function of inhibitor release rate, the ratio of inhibitor to aggressive ions, and consumption of inhibitor in the vicinity of the defect. The parameters affecting each of these processes must be understood in order to appropriately model the onset of corrosion for either a first principles or an empirical approach. The influence of coating properties and environmental conditions on inhibitor exhaustion is discussed below.
Inline cathodic protection current mapping is a unique method of assessing a pipeline’s cathodic protection. This is accomplished by measuring the actual current received by the pipeline continuously along the entire pipeline length. Unlike pipe to soil potentials, which can have a great deal of error in them due to forces often beyond our control, the CP mapping tool uses the physical properties of the pipe itself to measure the CP current. The pipe is a very stable part of the circuit, unlike the soil surrounding it.
Metallic coatings as a protective coating are characterized by excellent corrosion protection behavior and show extreme resistance to mechanical loads as well. Pure metallic coatings or duplex systems are already being used successfully in other areas of offshore structures. For example, areas in the tidal water zone, such as boat landings, usually receive a duplex system consisting of thermal spayed coating and a fitting topcoat. Add-on parts are often protected exclusively by a metallic zinc coating. A thermal spray coating in the submerged zone thus represents a logical alternative to the organic topcoat system.
Microbial contamination in the development of unconventional oil and gas formations can cause numerous problems, including formation plugging, microbial induced corrosion, and well souring, all of which can have a negative effect on well productivity and quality of oil and gas. The most common method to control microbial contamination during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations is through the use of biocides. Traditional oil and gas biocides such as glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blends struggle to provide effective microbial control under the severe conditions encountered during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations.
Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in refineries and petrochemical industries due to their good combination of properties such as workability, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, one of the most important problems they show, and which can lead to failures in service, is the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). When these materials are subjected to temperatures in the range from 500 ºC to 800 °C, the precipitation of chromium-rich carbides occurs preferentially at grain boundaries (GB).
In the oil and gas industry, oil country tubular goods or line pipes are exposed to wet H2S environments (sour environments) in some cases. The presence of H2S in the sour environment enhances hydrogen entry into the steel due to the catalytic action of H2S. The absorbed hydrogen enhanced by H2S affects hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon observed in sour conditions.