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Inline Cathodic Protection Current Mapping - Applications

Product Number: 51322-17629-SG

Author: Dennis Janda

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Inline cathodic protection current mapping is a unique method of assessing a pipeline’s cathodic protection. This is accomplished by measuring the actual current received by the pipeline continuously along the entire pipeline length. Unlike pipe to soil potentials, which can have a great deal of error in them due to forces often beyond our control, the CP mapping tool uses the physical properties of the pipe itself to measure the CP current. The pipe is a very stable part of the circuit, unlike the soil surrounding it.

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Innovative And Sustainable Corrosion Protection Solutions For Foundation Structures Of Offshore Wind Turbines

Product Number: 51322-17526-SG

Author: Frank Prenger, Kathrin Hesnaoui

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Metallic coatings as a protective coating are characterized by excellent corrosion protection behavior and show extreme resistance to mechanical loads as well. Pure metallic coatings or duplex systems are already being used successfully in other areas of offshore structures. For example, areas in the tidal water zone, such as boat landings, usually receive a duplex system consisting of thermal spayed coating and a fitting topcoat. Add-on parts are often protected exclusively by a metallic zinc coating. A thermal spray coating in the submerged zone thus represents a logical alternative to the organic topcoat system.

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Innovative Biocide Blend Solves Microbial Contamination Issues In Hydraulic Fracturing Applications

Product Number: 51322-18154-SG

Author: Jeffrey F. Kramer, Christy C. Wentworth

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Microbial contamination in the development of unconventional oil and gas formations can cause numerous problems, including formation plugging, microbial induced corrosion, and well souring, all of which can have a negative effect on well productivity and quality of oil and gas. The most common method to control microbial contamination during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations is through the use of biocides. Traditional oil and gas biocides such as glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blends struggle to provide effective microbial control under the severe conditions encountered during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations.

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Innovative Mitigation Strategies to Address Ac Corrosion At Higher Frequencies

Product Number: 51323-19280-SG

Author: Wolfgang Fieltsch, J. Scott Farquharson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A corrosion investigation performed in 2018 on an NPS 6, approximately 4 km long, polyethylene coated pipeline determined that the accelerated corrosion anomalies detected during in-line inspections (ILI) were due to AC corrosion. The AC and DC current densities on the AC coupons adjacent to these anomalies were above the limits recommended in NACE SP21424. It was also determined that the line was cathodically over-protected, and that most of the AC voltage measured on the line was due to 120 Hz AC ripple from a foreign rectifier.

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Innovative Performance Corrosion Resistance Reinforcing Bars for Extending Service Life

Product Number: 51324-20682-SG

Author: Salem Faza; Homero Castaneda Lopez; Michael Stroia

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Performance of Corrosion Resistance reinforcing steel bars including continuous galvanized (ASTM A1094) and Low-Carbon Chromium Steel bars (ASTM A1035 CS) have been evaluated for their high corrosion resistance and their mechanism to extend the service life of concrete structures. ASTM A1094 is galvanized rebar with a zinc alloy coating that provides the well-known corrosion protection of zinc and the added benefit of exceptional formability . ASTM A1094 can be bent and fabricated after galvanizing without fear of peeling or flaking unlike Batch hot dip galvanizing and epoxy coated rebars. ASTM A1035 CS rebar’s combination of high strength rebar, corrosion resistance and ductility are proven to provide superior blast protection for concrete structures. The high strength can withstand stronger forces, while the ductility dissipates the force across the structural member. In addition, the high strength rebar can be used to efficiently design structures up to 100 Ksi (690 MPa) reducing construction costs and time. Corrosion research findings discussed in this paper illustrate the efficiency in using these bars to extend the service life of concrete structures depending on the required service life of the DOD structures. In addition to the service life capabilities, supply chain availability should be considered.

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In-process Quality Control and Quality Assurance Coatings Inspection: Redundant or Complementary Roles?

Product Number: 51323-19006-SG

Author: Chris Kucherawy, Kimmer Cline, Lake Barrett

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Everyone wants a quality project; the word quality means different things to different people. Owners have unique perspectives on quality and risk tolerance which often differs across industries. The owner of a trash recycling center looking to paint the walls of his loading dock has a different perspective than the owner of a nuclear power plant, looking at the coating systems applied on the interior of his primary containment walls.

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In-service Welding of MEG Stainless Steel Pipes

Product Number: MPWT19-15309

Author: Ahmed Alshammari

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

In-service welding is applied for repairs or modifications for pipelines or pipework/equipment that lead to significant economic advantages by avoiding the costs of disrupting the pipeline’s operation decommissioning, draining of fluid inside piping, purging and it maintaining a continuous supply of products to customers. Moreover, in-service welding on pipelines or piping is uncommon practice due to the high risk caused by excessive heat input during weld or accelerated cooling rates. Referring to API 1104, there are two primary concerns with welding onto in-service pipelines. The first concern is to avoid “burning through,” where the welding arc causes the pipe wall to be breached. The second concern is for hydrogen cracking, since welds made in-service cool at an accelerated rate as the result of the flowing contents’ ability to remove heat from the pipe wall. This paper explores the development of an online welding procedure to weld stainless steel 304L, making branch connections to meet business requirements without disrupting the operation.

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Insights Into Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) Susceptibility Of Martensitic Steels Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) And Experiments.

Product Number: 51321-16887-SG

Author: Tuhin Das; Jun Song; Salim V. Brahimi; Stephen Yue

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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In-Situ Determination Of The Degree Of Sensitization In Austenitic Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51322-17805-SG

Author: Pablo M. Altamirano, Mariano A. Kappes, Martín A. Rodríguez

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in refineries and petrochemical industries due to their good combination of properties such as workability, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, one of the most important problems they show, and which can lead to failures in service, is the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). When these materials are subjected to temperatures in the range from 500 ºC to 800 °C, the precipitation of chromium-rich carbides occurs preferentially at grain boundaries (GB).

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In-Situ Observation Of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Initiation Site In Linepipe Steels

Product Number: 51322-17816-SG

Author: Taishi Fujishiro, Kyono Yasuda, Takuya Hara, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Eiji Tada, Mitsuo Kimura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, oil country tubular goods or line pipes are exposed to wet H2S environments (sour environments) in some cases. The presence of H2S in the sour environment enhances hydrogen entry into the steel due to the catalytic action of H2S. The absorbed hydrogen enhanced by H2S affects hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon observed in sour conditions.

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In-situ Study of Iron Carbonate Formation Kinetics and Pseudo-passivation of Carbon Steel in Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51324-20667-SG

Author: Joshua Owen; Richard C. Woollam; Francois Ropital; Annette Kleppe; Sabrina Marcelin

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This study introduces the design and implementation of a bespoke electrochemical flow cell in combination with in-situ Synchrotron Radiation-X-Ray Diffraction measurements (SR-XRD). The system enables high precision, real-time, in-situ measurements of iron carbonate (FeCO3) evolution on carbon steel in a flowing environment, as well as providing real-time, in-situ corrosion rate measurement through an integrated three-electrode cell. The custom cell is used to examine FeCO3 formation kinetics in a carbon dioxide (CO2)-containing aqueous environment, particularly in instances where the ‘pseudo-passivation’ phenomenon is reported to occur. Linear polarization resistance and anodic polarization measurements were performed in combination with the SR-XRD measurements to establish a detailed understanding of FeCO3 formation in real time and its relation to the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. It was observed that ‘pseudo-passivation’ occurred in conjunction with the growth of a highly protective FeCO3 layer under all conditions evaluated. Magnetite (Fe3O4), an oxide layer often attributed to the onset of ‘pseudo-passivation’, was not observed in these conditions, despite the high limits of detection of the technique.

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In-Situ Synthesis Of Corrosion Product-Polymer Composites On Carbon Steel For Enhanced Erosion-Corrosion Protection In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17717-SG

Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Bruce Cowe, Wassim Taleb, Anne Neville, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Hydrocarbons still remain as a fundamental contributor towards meeting the worldwide demand for energy, despite the growth of other alternative sources such as renewable and nuclear options. Due to low cost and availability, carbon steel, remains as the most commonly used material for pipelines in down and upstream activities within the oil and gas industry. However, carbon steel is not an exceptional metal alloy from the perspective of internal corrosion resistance. The economical cost for its degradation and related failures represent 10% to 30% of the maintenance budget in petroleum industry. It is therefore crucial that the corrosion of such a susceptible steel is managed and controlled accordingly.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance