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Microbial contamination in the development of unconventional oil and gas formations can cause numerous problems, including formation plugging, microbial induced corrosion, and well souring, all of which can have a negative effect on well productivity and quality of oil and gas. The most common method to control microbial contamination during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations is through the use of biocides. Traditional oil and gas biocides such as glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blends struggle to provide effective microbial control under the severe conditions encountered during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations.
Detailed comparative efficacy laboratory studies were conducted using relevant field conditions which highlighted the excellent performance of this new biocide compared to other commonly used oil and gas biocides. Results showed that the biguanide polyammonium blend provided quick and persistent biocidal activity against a range of bacteria, including acid producing and sulfate reducing bacteria at low concentrations. The blend was also compatible with additives typically found in oil and gas stimulation fluid packages and worked over a broad range of pH, TDS, and temperatures, indicating broad fluid and environmental compatibility across a wide range of oil and gas applications. In addition, results show strong performance advantages against corrosion causing biofilms. These results were verified in a field trial that confirmed the biocidal performance of the biguanide-polyammonium blend against biofilm in a produced water processing facility.
The formation of mineral scale is an undesirable phenomenon which is as a result of the disturbances in thermodynamics and chemical equilibria of the water system. CaCO3 scale is one of the major flow challenges in the oil industry and the crystallization process starts from thermodynamically unstable hydrated form to anhydrous polymorphic stable forms1,2 The transformation involves a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy of the system where the crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowers the enthalpy the most. There are two theories regarding the polymorphic transformation of a solid structure. The first suggests the transformation occurs through a direct solid transition in which the metastable phase exhibits a rearrangement of its molecules or atoms to a more stable form3. The second is valid in the presence of a solvent which allows the dissolution and the re-nucleation and growth of the stable phase4.
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A recent review provided an overview of current microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) research. It established that despite extensive study and numerous publications, fundamental questions relating to MIC remain unanswered and stress the lack of information associated with MIC recognition, prediction, and mitigation (Little et al., 2020). On the other hand, bibliometric analysis on the MIC of engineering systems conducted a knowledge gap analysis to focus research efforts and to develop a roadmap for MIC research (Hashemi et al., 2018).
It is fair to say that maintenance in the worldwide oil and gas industry has changed dramatically over the past ten years. Facility owners are more than ever looking to reduce shutdown times, to improve plant efficiency and to extend plant lifetimes. With this comes the increased industry understanding about corrosion under insulation (CUI) with its deleterious impact and the ongoing desire for pragmatic high performance and cost-effective coating solutions.