AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Inspection & Corrosion Control of Wet Sour Gas Subsea Pipelines

Product Number: MPWT19-15277

Author: Meshary A. Al-Bahli, Rashed Alhajri

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Recently the oil, gas and petrochemical sectors have been facing together safety, environmental and mechanical integrity regulations as well as challenges associated with the need for cost reduction to improve competitiveness. Therefore, continual inspection and corrosion control health assessments and investigations are key towards sustaining reliability and availability together with value creation through avoiding unplanned production loss and asset failures. The present paper discusses an inspection and corrosion control technical assessment performed on thirteen (13) subsea flowlines. These flowlines supply wet sour gas feed from two offshore fields, gather through two 36 in” trunk lines. In order to meet the health and integrity objective, the assessment covers a review on the susceptibility and control of three (3) damage mechanisms using available literature covering field and empirical data. In addition, a review and discussion on the available and required inspection methods to combat the susceptible damage mechanisms are performed. This review is extended to an exploration and evaluation of (6) inline inspection techniques and two (2) remotely operated vehicles (ROV) to complement damage mechanism inspection methods.

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Inspection and Mitigation of Corrosion for Pipe Cable Systems

Product Number: 51321-16434-SG

Author: Frank Rea

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Inspection of Corrosion Resistant FRP Equipment

Product Number: 51324-20741-SG

Author: Geoff Clarkson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Owners and operators of equipment made from Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) have similar needs to know the Fitness For Service status of this equipment as they do for equipment made from metal alloys. Historically, inspection of this equipment has evaluated the appearance compared to the requirements of construction codes and standards. These methods usually do not provide results that can be used in an engineering analysis that can be verified against Fitness For Service criteria. This paper will provide descriptions of damage that occurs to polymeric structures from service conditions - both chemical and stresses. The damage will be expressed in engineering terms, followed by a brief discussion of how the damage is used in engineering analysis to determine the current status of the equipment, remaining life and the urgency of any repairs or remediation. Some comparison to historical inspection will be provided. The paper will then discuss inspection methods that can provide the damage data in forms that can be used for engineering assessment of the equipment.

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Instant-Off Potentials Underestimate Cathodic Protection Levels on Pipelines

Product Number: 51323-19083-SG

Author: Peter Haas

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) is used to prevent external corrosion on underground pipelines. The effectiveness of CP is commonly evaluated by measuring the DC potential (voltage) of the pipeline with respect to a reference electrode located on the surface of the earth above the pipeline. Criteria used to interpret pipeline potential measurements are given by Section 6 of NACE SP-0169-2013 “Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems.

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Insulation Driven Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel

Product Number: 51324-20914-SG

Author: Matt Krantz; Yuan Li

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Over the past decade, an increasing number of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) incidents have been observed on carbon steel assets operating in Alberta, Canada. At the time of publication, over 128 distinct cracks have been identified on 26 assets spanning at least 5 operators. All incidents have occurred on uncoated carbon steel operating between 70 °C and 190 °C and exposed to wet mineral wool insulation. Both piping and pressure vessels have been affected. Cracking has been isolated to assets with mineral wool insulation produced after 2003; however, a specific change to mineral wool composition in this timeframe has not been identified. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of incidents and investigations that have been reported to date and to update the environmental conditions (window of susceptibility) where insulation driven intergranular stress corrosion cracking has been observed. By drawing attention to this issue, it is the authors’ objective to increase awareness and determine if similar cracking incidents are occurring in other geographical regions.

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Insulations Ageing & CUI Implications - A Comparison of Lab & Field Samples

Product Number: 51324-21093-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Shahzad Karim; Salwa AlAchkar; Graham Brigham; Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is among the leading damage mechanisms in the hydrocarbon industry and its prediction has reportedly been ambiguous as that relies on many unknown unknowns. Insulation condition is one of the key factors in predicting the CUI risk in a modern-day risk-based inspection (RBI) program. On the other hand, there is not much clarity on predicting the insulation condition as the insulation(s) generally tend to change their physical properties while being subjected to heat and external environmental conditions. Also, there are no established baselines to gauge the extent of aging of insulations for accurate prediction of CUI risk(s). This study attempts to compare the aging behavior/ condition of two commonly used types of insulations namely mineral wool and Calcium silicate (CalSil) as they were subjected to aging in (a) lab setting and (b) field environment. To account for aging behaviors, the leachates were prepared per ASTM C871 followed by Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy and corrosion tests via three different methods namely autoclave immersion tests, ASTM C1617 dripping tests and ASTM G189-07 CUI simulation tests. The corroded steel samples from each test configuration and candidate insulations were further characterized by weight loss methods to establish corrosion rate followed by confocal laser topography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the corrosion modes.

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Integrated Coating System For Corrosion Protection Of Carbon Steel In Artificial Geothermal Brine

Product Number: 51322-17708-SG

Author: Gabriela Aristia, Le Quynh Hoa, Ralph Bäßler

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Geothermal energy is a promising choice for alternative energy resources due to its reliability and low CO₂ emissions. One way to harness this energy, is to extract hot fluid from a geothermal well. Geothermal fluids are a complex medium with different physical and chemical properties depending on the location and depth of a geothermal well. Thus, these fluids can be corrosive to the geothermal power plant depending on the corrosivity class. The geothermal power plant consists of various parts, such as pipelines and heat exchangers. For continuous power generation, this power plant should be safe and durable. Therefore, it is important to protect the infrastructure in this environment from corrosion.

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Integrated Corrosion Analysis Software and its Application to dc Corrosion Analysis

Product Number: 51323-18819-SG

Author: F. P. Dawalibi, J. Cheng, Y. Jiang,

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

When a metal or metal alloy is immersed in an electrolyte made of a conducting material of sufficient oxidizing power, such as moist soil, it will corrode according to a well-defined electrochemical mechanism. dc corrosion is a result of dissolution of material due to oxidizing reactions, liberating electrons and forming positive ions transported into the electrolyte, leading to material loss. The current-potential relationship governing this electrochemical process termed polarization, is non-linear. This relationship is often represented by a polarization curve, which is typically, an experimentally determined function. There are a number of parameters that can contribute to the final characteristics of the polarization curve within a system ranging from material parameters (e.g. material, geometry) to environmental factors (e.g. composition of the electrolyte).

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Integrating Empirical And Quantitative HTHA Assessment Approaches With Fitness-For-Service And State Of The Art Inspection Techniques For Risk Assessment And Continued Management Of Equipment In HTHA Service

Product Number: 51321-16782-SG

Author: Jeremy Staats; Gerrit Buchheim; Dave Dewees; Frank Sapienza

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Integration of microstructure- mechanical with corrosion characterization of UNS S31603 material manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition

Product Number: 51323-19427-SG

Author: M. L Cedeno- Vente, I. Karaman, A. C. Ferrel- Alvarez, R. Case, M. Vaughan, H. Castaneda

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The UNSS31603 stainless steel (316-L SS) is one of the most used austenitic alloys in the industry for its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The 316-L SS is mainly fabricated by conventional methods such as casting, rolling and forging. However, in recent years the investigation and production of the 316-L SS through additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have seen a sharp increase.

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Integrity evaluation of offshore wind structures utilizing complementary monitoring techniques

Product Number: 51323-19292-SG

Author: Annika Martina Diederichs, Anders Nilas Rosborg Black, Khadijeh Nastaran Jafari, Birit Buhr

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

To categorize the level of corrosion internally in uncoated offshore wind turbine structures a combination
of different online monitoring systems has successfully been utilized combining findings from online
corrosion monitoring, continuous water level monitoring and online water quality monitoring.

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Integrity Maintaining and Cost Saving Advanced CUI Detection Technique (PEC)

Product Number: MPWT19-14242

Author: Amro Hassanein, Ahmed Elsharkawi

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a major problem for petroleum and petrochemical process industries that affects the plant mechanical integrity and attacks assets. CUI can result in sudden and hazardous leaks (safety concern), and plant shutdowns with high losses of production (economical concern).
Traditional detecting methods of CUI to cut a window in thermal insulation used to inspect visually, to measure the thickness, and then return thermal insulation back, giving high chance for water and moisture ingress, accelerating CUI, moreover big amount of scaffolding erection along with thermal insulation removal required.
SHARQ (Eastern Petrochemical Company, one of SABIC companies) is pioneer to study CUI, evaluating many Non–Destructive techniques has proven Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) as the most effective technique in terms of integrity and cost optimization.
Considering all available techniques, all aspects studied, such as range of applications, features, and limitations, it is concluded and verified to meet our inspection plan strategy needs.
PEC does not require thermal insulation removal; optimize scaffolding erection, has a wide range of applications related to thickness, and temperature. PEC approved by international codes and standards (API) to meet RBI Meridium software requirements.
The validation study results show cost savings of more than 50% compared to traditional thickness measurement methodology, moreover it reduces EHSS (Environment, Health, Safety, and Security) negative impact reduces the probability of safety incidents due to reducing labor, man-hours, and eliminating many associated activities with potential hazard and risk.
PEC has high productivity, easily operated, and provides comprehensive and professional inspection report

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance