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Influence of High CO2 Partial Pressure on Top-of-the-Line Corrosion

Product Number: 51324-21220-SG

Author: Maryam Eslami; Bernardo Augusto Farah Santos; David Young; Sondre Gjertsen; Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) is an important type of material degradation that occurs due to the heat exchange between the pipeline and its surroundings, which results in water condensation on the internal surface of the pipe. This type of corrosion is specific to wet gas pipelines with stratified flow regimes. In this research, the effect of high CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) on TLC rate and mechanism was studied. The experiments were conducted in a high-pressure TLC autoclave with pCO2 ranging from 20 to 100 bar, solution temperatures of 30 and 50 °C, and different water condensation conditions (0.001-0.1 ml/m2.s). The experimental conditions covered environments where CO2 was either gaseous or supercritical. The results revealed that uniform and localized TLC rates increase with water condensation rate and solution temperature. However, as long as CO2 remained gaseous, pCO2 showed a negligible influence on both uniform and localized TLC rates. At a high CO2 content, the formation of a protective FeCO3 layer decreased the TLC rate, especially at lower water condensation rates. Nevertheless, the risk of localized corrosion at high and medium water condensation rates remained an issue. In the supercritical CO2 environment (pCO2 of 100 bar and solution temperature of 50 °C), the difference in temperature between the CO2 dense phase and the specimens caused water drop out and corrosion. In this environment, the high pCO2 and low pH of the dropped-out water led to high uniform and localized corrosion rates. However, under this condition, the difference in corrosion rates of specimens with different cooling rates was negligible due to their similar surface temperature.

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Influence of Hydrocarbon on Stearic Acid as Corrosion Inhibitor in Synthetic Brine

Product Number: 51323-19330-SG

Author: Susumu Hirano, Tatsuya Sei

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion inhibitors are used for carbon steel pipelines in the oil and gas industry. Based on current
understanding, the inhibitor molecules mitigate corrosion through adsorption to the internal surface of
the pipeline, forming a barrier film that impedes electrochemical corrosion reactions at the metal
surface. Micellization is a key factor of the surfactant distributions.

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Influence of Impurity Adsorption and Condensation on the Initial Corrosion Mechanism of CO2 Transport Pipeline Steel

Product Number: 51323-19066-SG

Author: Minghe Xu, Yoon-Seok Choi, Srdjan Nesic

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

CO2 captured from different sources for carbon capture and storage (CCS) will contain impurities. Although it is technologically possible to treat CO2 to near 100% purity in the gas conditioning process, it is preferable to have fewer rigid specifications to reduce both operational and capital costs. From a corrosion point of view, SOx, NOx, H2S, and O2 are considered to be the most aggressive impurities.

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Influence of Mechanistic Studies on the Development of New Cooling Water Programs

Product Number: 51389-89175-SG

Author: J. E. Hoots, K. P. Fivizzani, R. W. Cloud

Publication Date: 1989

$20.00

Benchtop activity tests serve an essential role in the evaluation of new treatment components and programs in cooling water applications. Limited research has been previously conducted into the underlying processes which determine whether new materials pass or fail these initial activity tests. Markedly similar performance behavior for threshold inhibitors and dispersants has been observed in benchtop tests utilizing a variety of scaling ions. The predominant mechanism involves extensive formation of microparticles and subsequent primary/secondary agglomeration processes. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size distribution and micro electrophoresis techniques have characterized the particulates formed in benchtop activity tests and provided additional support for the proposed mechanism.

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Influence of Nano-particles on Water Intrusion of a Nanoparticle Enriched Zinc Rich Coating by EIS Analysis

Product Number: 51320-15147-SG

Author: Saiada Fuadi Fancy, Ahsan Sabbir, Kingsley Lau, Dale DeFord

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Zinc-Rich Primer (ZRP) based coating systems are widely used to protect steel infrastructure from aggressive exposure environments. These coating systems provide corrosion protection of the steel substrate by both barrier and sacrificial mechanism. Electrical continuity between the zinc pigments and steel substrate is the fundamental parameter in order to achieve galvanic protection and the use of high pigment volume concentration may not necessarily ensure effective electrical continuity. Moreover, high zinc content also degrades the bond of the coating matrix to the steel substrate. Carbon nanoparticles are being considered in the development of ZRP coating systems to overcome these limitations considering its physical, electrical and mechanical properties. In this effort, a nanoparticle enriched zinc-rich primer coating system (NPE-ZRP) was evaluated to identify the influence of nano-particles on moisture intrusion of the coating system. A traditional inorganic zinc-rich coating system
(ZRP) was also evaluated to compare the overall performance of the NPE-ZRP coating system. Pre-exposure to the different levels of humidity (5%, 75% & 100% RH) was incorporated to identify the coating robustness and the influence of nano-particles to mitigate corrosion. Environmental pre-exposure to humidity didn’t appear to have a detrimental effect on the coating durability. Both coatings allow moisture intrusion inside the system and EIS can be used as an effective tool to estimate the moisture content.

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Influence of Operating Temperature on the Corrosion of Alloy UNS S50200 under Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Pyrolysis Oil by Supercritical Ethanol with In-situ Hydrogen Source

Product Number: 51324-21240-SG

Author: Mingyuan Zhang; Haoyu Wang; Minkang Liu; Yimin Zeng; Chunbao Xu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) presents a promising method to improve the quality of crude pyrolysis oil. The upgraded oils have untapped potential to replace fossil fuels partially or completely. In our previous study, corrosion of UNS S30400 was investigated at temperature range from 80-325 °C during catalytic HDO of pyrolysis oil by supercritical ethanol with in-situ hydrogen source. It was found that there was few corrosion damage in this system on UNS S30400. In this study, alloy UNS S50200 was investigated in same reaction system at reaction temperature range from 80-375 °C to facilitate the commercialization of the developed HDO technology by finding a more economic reactor material. After 20 h exposure, weight change and weight loss measurements were used to evaluate the corrosion rate of alloy UNS S50200. And modern microcopy techniques including SEM, EDS, XRD were utilized for corrosion products analysis.

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Influence of Operating Temperature on the Corrosion of UNS S30400 Steel under Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Pyrolysis Oil by Supercritical Ethanol with In-situ Hydrogen Source

Product Number: 51323-19012-SG

Author: Mingyuan Zhang, Minkang Liu, Xue Han, Yimin Zeng, Chunbao Xu

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Bio-oils are renewable and clean energy sources, which can be used to partial or completely replace fossil fuel. Fast pyrolysis is a promising and by far the only industrially realized approach to convert dry biomass into biofuels, particularly the liquid bio-oils. However, the poor quality of fast pyrolysis oil including thermal instability, high viscosity and acidity, high oxygen and water content, and low heating value makes it hard to be directly used as transportation fuels.

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Influence of Oxygen Diffusion Coefficients and Soil Moisture Content on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel

Product Number: MECC23-20174-SG

Author: Layan AlSharif; Mohammed Alshahrani; Abdulrahman Alqahtani; Hussam Attar; Othman Alolayan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Buried steel pipelines operating in soil environments are constantly under threat from corrosion, a phenomenon which jeopardizes their structural integrity and escalates the risk of material degradation, leakage, and subsequent environmental hazards. A holistic understanding of the corrosion process in soil environments is essential for strengthening infrastructural resilience and upholding environmental sustainability.

Corrosion of metals in soils is dictated by a complex confluence of several factors, including aeration, pH, moisture content, ionic composition, electrical resistivity, and microbial activity1.

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Influence of Pb and Cl in Waste Wood Fuel on Furnace Wall Corrosion of Low Alloyed Steel and Alloy 625

Product Number: 51324-21033-SG

Author: Annika Talus; Rikard Norling; Alice Moya Núñez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Firing waste wood in thermal power plants can lead to furnace wall corrosion due to corrosive elements such as chlorine, heavy metals, and alkali metals present in the fuel. This study investigates the influence of lead and chlorine on furnace wall corrosion of a low alloyed steel (16Mo3) and a nickel-based alloy (Alloy 625) during two field exposures using an air-cooled probe. Two two-week long test campaigns firing two different waste wood fuels (higher and lower lead and chlorine content) were carried out, exposing samples having metal temperatures in the interval 350-400 °C. The corrosion rates were determined using thickness loss measurements. The samples were examined using SEM/EDS/WDS and XRD techniques, to characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion products. The findings suggest that higher lead and chlorine content in the fuel results in a higher corrosion rate for both materials; aggravated further above 370 °C. On 16Mo3 samples, iron oxides and chlorides, and chlorine-rich compounds are observed. Pits are observed on Alloy 625 samples, filled with nickel- and chromium-containing oxides mixed with corrosive species. The presence of lead compounds (e.g. lead molybdate) in connection to pits suggests active participation of lead in the corrosion process above 370 °C.

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Influence of Repeated Welding Thermal Cycle on The Mechanical Properties of SA516 Steel Weldment

Product Number: MPWT19-14345

Author: Sandeep Kumar, Abdulla Ali Juma

$0.00

This study investigates the influence of thermal cycle as a result of repeated welding heat input on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the SA516 Gr 65 steel plates weldment in as-welded condition. The test specimens used were having an identical joint design, welded with submerged arc welding (SAW) process. Three different heat inputs of 0.96kJ/mm (low heat input), 1.5kJ/mm (medium heat input) and 3.58 kJ/mm (high heat input) were used for welding three individual specimens. All weld longitudinal tensile testing, Charpy V-notch impact test and weld metal & heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructural testing were done. The work shows that low heat input (LHI) produced welds with highest yield, tensile strength and toughness in the weld metal whereas high heat input (HHI) resulted in decrease in yield, tensile strength and toughness in the weld metal. Increased level of acicular ferrite and a fine grain structure in weldment were achieved with LHI, while the HHI produced coarse grain structure in the weldment and in the HAZ.

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Influence Of Ternary Additives On Electrochemical And Mechanical Behaviors Of Electroless Ni-P Coatings

Product Number: 51322-17841-SG

Author: Omar Chaa, Ahmad Raza Khan Rana, George Jarjoura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion and wear resistance has always been among the highly important parameters for
equipment and piping in oil and gas facilities. The corrosion is considered as the deterioration
of materials as a result of electrochemical reaction with surrounding environment or contained
service. Wear is defined as the removal and deformation of material due to mechanical
interaction between two or more objects. Increased demand for surface protection and reduced
operative costs touts for protective coatings with improved mechanical, electrochemical, and
tribological properties.

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Influence of the H2 Impurity on the Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture in a Dense Phase CO2 Pipeline

Product Number: 51324-20721-SG

Author: B Bezensek; S Hopkin; J Sonke; F Gui; C Taylor

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Transport of dense phase CO2 by pipelines needs to account for possible degradation mechanisms arising due to H2 impurity which can be present in (typically) the 0.75 ~ 1 mol% range depending on the specification used. H2 gas can affect fatigue and fracture properties even at low partial pressures and hence the integrity. In this study a complementary experimental and computational modeling program was undertaken. API 5L X65 grade material samples were used for comparable testing in pure H2 gas at low partial pressure H2 and in dense phase CO2 at 100 barg with H2 impurity added in a 2 mol% and 4 mol% increments (i.e. partial pressures of 2 barg and 4 barg). The test results show effect of the H2 impurity in the dense phase CO2 accelerated fatigue crack growth and reduced fracture toughness. These findings are supported by computational simulation using density functional theory and molecular dynamics. A scoping integrity assessment for a dense phase CO2 pipeline with H2 impurity at 2 mol% shows the measured accelerated fatigue crack growth only affects large pressure cycles (pressure range in excess of 70 bar for OD/WT pipelines of ~30). The fatigue life is significantly shortened compared to the pure CO2 pipeline and this is mainly driven by the reduced fracture toughness at low partial pressure H2. The fatigue damage is proportional to the maximum operating pressure (as it increases the pressure range). For a postulated 50-year design life a safe pipeline design window considering a range of conservative inputs (material properties, integrity operating window, geometry, postulated defect size etc.) a safe operating pressure of 2900 psig (200barg) was found for a new build pipeline using modern materials. For a repurposed vintage material pipeline the safe operating pressure was set at 2200 psig (150 barg). An ECA incorporating the deleterious effect of H2 should be conducted to confirm the above postulate unless the project falls within the limits of the conservative inputs (material properties, integrity operating window, geometry, postulated defect size etc.), from a fracture mechanics perspective, of the four case studies that form the basis of this overall study. Other impurities if exceeded their safe threshold may create water drop out and acid formation. It is imperative that the project specifications err on the side of caution and restrict the impurities to safe limits until further understanding of the complex interaction mechanisms is developed.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance