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Surface Treatment To Mitigate Exfoliation Corrosion Of 5XXX Series Aluminum Alloys

Product Number: 51321-16865-SG

Author: Ganesh Kumar Arumugam; Venkat Kamavaram; Reza Shahbazian-Yassar; Andrea Mansfeld; Vinod Veedu

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Surfactant Corrosion Inhibitor Adsorption and Desorption Kinetics in Aqueous CO2-Containing Environments

Product Number: 51324-20915-SG

Author: Ryan Abou-Shakra; Joshua Owen; Richard C. Woollam; Richard Barker; William H. Durnie

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion inhibitors are commonly employed to internally protect carbon steel pipelines in aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated environments, such as those encountered in oil and gas production and geothermal operation. However, unexpected events can occur that lead to periods where corrosion inhibitor addition ceases completely, or the quantity of inhibitor added falls short of the typical concentration required for the desired level of corrosion mitigation. In these instances of interruption, there is a limited understanding of the inhibitor surface residence time, or ‘persistency’, and the associated effects on the corrosion rate of carbon steel. This study examines the influence of the substrate surface condition and inhibitor concentration on the persistency of benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (BAC-C14) corrosion inhibitor in a CO2-saturated 1 wt.% NaCl brine at 30°C. An electrochemical rotating cylinder electrode (operating at 1000 rpm) coupled with a dilution process was used to simulate persistency. Experimental results using carbon steel at 0.75x and 1x of the surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC) showed that inhibitor efficiency and persistency improved markedly at the higher concentration. Supplementary experiments using pure iron illustrated an even stronger interaction between inhibitor and substrate, resulting in BAC-C14 failing to desorb after three days of exposure to uninhibited brine. A first-order kinetic model was assessed in its ability to predict the desorption response after dilution, based on fitting to the inhibitor adsorption response. Whilst a strong agreement was obtained between the theoretical desorption profile and experimental desorption data at 0.75xCMC on carbon steel, the model failed to predict the responses at CMC, as well as those on the pure iron substrate, necessitating consideration of other models.

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Susceptibility of martensitic stainless steels to hydrogen embrittlement

Product Number: 51323-19273-SG

Author: Lütfi Ekmekci, Merlin Seifert, Clara Herrera

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A decarbonized energy system is underway worldwide. The Paris Agreement goal is to keep global warming “below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to pursue effort to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.” To achieve this long-term temperature goal, big changes are needed in the ways energy is produced, distributed and storage.

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Susceptibility Study of Common Regulator Alloys to Hydrogen Embrittlement

Product Number: 51324-20893-SG

Author: Gerardo Gamboa; Ali Babakr; Jim Griffin; Marcus L. Young

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Introducing hydrogen into the existing natural gas pipeline network has been proposed as a way of decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) effects from the combustion of natural gas. However, hydrogen is known to degrade the strength of many alloys through hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Therefore, it is important to carefully define the maximum allowable pressure hydrogen concentration for each alloy to avoid detrimental effects to the material. In this study, hydrogen testing was carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of selected alloys to hydrogen embrittlement via controlled exposure to methane gas blended with different hydrogen concentrations and at different pressures. In addition, a diffusible hydrogen test was carried out to identify the amount of solid solution hydrogen in the samples. The alloys were representative of common regulator materials used in gas pipeline products. Tensile samples with a highly polished surface were tested under five different environments: 1.6 MPa (16 bar) of 10% and 50% hydrogen gas mixture, and 10 MPa (100 bar) of 10%, 30%, and 50% hydrogen gas mixture after soaking between 2 days and 5 weeks. Tests on control samples were performed in ambient environment. The results from this study provide insight into the effects of hydrogen on various alloys under five different environments and indicate which alloys performed best under a given environment.

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Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement of Engineering Steels with Martensitic Microstructures

Product Number: 51324-20800-SG

Author: Clara Herrera; Merlin Seifert

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrogen emerged as a solution to increasing environmental problems and is becoming an important energy resource. However, hydrogen can deteriorate the mechanical performance of metallic components. This phenomenon is known as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Engineering steels, such as nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels, are widely used in the industry and can be attractive materials for hydrogen applications such as pressure vessels, owing to a good combination of tensile strength (up to 1.1 GPa) and ductility (e.g., 10 % or higher). They can decrease product weight and reduce construction costs. However, as HE susceptibility tends to increase with increasing strength of steels, high-strength steels are susceptible to HE when used in hydrogen gas environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the susceptibility of different engineering steels to hydrogen embrittlement. Three martensitic Cr-Ni-Mo steels were investigated. Slow strain rate tests were performed in gaseous hydrogen at 100 bar (10 MPa) and room temperature. Microstructure characterization and fractography study were carried out. Ni-Cr-Mo steels show a martensitic microstructure with precipitates in quenched and tempered condition. Their YS and UTS are higher than 1000 MPa (145 ksi) and 1100 MPa (159 ksi), respectively. Hydrogen gas degrades the ductility of Cr-Ni-Mo steels considerably, while strength deteriorates slightly. Fractography is characterized by a brittle fracture assisted by hydrogen. Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) is seen to be the primary failure mechanism in martensitic steels.

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Susceptibility to Localized Corrosion Attack and Application Service Envelopes for Ni Based Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Oil & Gas Production Service Conditions, a Literature Review

Product Number: 51324-20432-SG

Author: Raymundo Case; Lei Zhao; Yuan Ding; Jason Ren; Tim Dunne

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The complex metallurgy associated with the typical Nickel based corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) bring forward the presence of phases which can assist environment-induced cracking. This paper presents a review of the published literature on the fields of localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking to describe the fundamental problems that need to be addressed so reliable environmental service envelopes can be identified for this type of CRA within the oilfield application conditions. The review study indicates that the passive layer instability is associated with the conditions where stress corrosion cracking can occur, hence the systematic study of the effect of the main independent variables (temperature, chloride content and sour gas CO2/H2S ratio and S0) on passivity is critical to understand the application envelopes for these alloys

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Suspension Plasma Spray of TiO2, CuO and Fe3O4 Coatings And Their Corrosion Behaviour

Product Number: 51321-16302-SG

Author: Garima Mittal; Francesco Fanicchia; Imram Bhamji; Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Suspension-High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spray Tio2 Coatings And Their Corrosion Behaviour

Product Number: 51322-17637-SG

Author: Garima Mittal, Imran Bhamji, Alexandre Sabard, Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

With the increased pollution and energy demand, industries are shifting towards cleaner and greener power generation source. Geothermal energy, where energy is derived from the sub-surface of earth, is an excellent and continuous source of energy. Despite having the potential of providing cleaner energy, there is a huge gap between the theoretical potential of geothermal power plants and their practical applications. Some of the major reasons are high power generation cost and poor efficiency of the plant.

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Sustainable Activated Zinc Rich Epoxy Primers with Extended Durability

Product Number: MECC23-20257-SG

Author: Santiago Arias; Jose Fernandes; Raquel Morales; Munzir Khan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Zinc rich primers, both organic and in-organic coatings, are extensively used in the marine and offshore industry. The beneficial effect of zinc-rich primer on the longevity of protective coatings is primarily assumed to be due to a cathodic protection mechanism. During the 60’s and the 70’s zinc rich epoxy primers dominated the market.

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Sustainable Coatings For Above Ground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 51322-18057-SG

Author: M. Gagné, J. Weber

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Controlling corrosion of steel is expensive. The direct costs of corrosion maintenance are estimated to be over 3% of GDP every year.¹ Metallic zinc coatings provide very effective corrosion protection for steel by acting first as a barrier coating, keeping corrosive elements away from the steel, and secondly as a sacrificial anode.² Should the zinc coating be compromised, accidentally by a scratch or on purpose with a drilled hole, the zinc will provide anodic protection to the exposed steel. Metallic zinc coatings can be pure zinc or zinc-based alloys and will be referred to generically as zinc coatings in the paper. Zinc coatings can be efficiently applied by thermal spraying, which involves projecting particles of semi-molten zinc onto the surface of the steel using compressed air. With thermal sprayed zinc (TSZ) coatings, there is no size limitation to the part to be coated, and the technology is fully portable, allowing easy field applications.

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Swarm S2 - A Wireless, Multi-Channel Ultrasonic Corrosion and Erosion Monitoring Tool

Product Number: 51324-21238-SG

Author: Ali Fatemi

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A new EX certified (explosion proof) ultrasonic monitoring tool for integrity management of onshore assets which are subject to corrosion and erosion is presented in this paper. This tool makes it possible to wirelessly perform monitoring with a battery or solar power driven datalogger unit connected to one or several ultrasonic sensors. With internal processing of data in the datalogger, internal storage and wireless communication, the system provides the end user with real-time wall thickness data with micrometer accuracy. Up-to-date data can be directly sent to the control system for review by the decision makers. The datalogger has a modular design which consists of a main body for processing and storing data, a bottom part for transducer connection and a top part for communication. This gives a wide range of possibilities based on the number and type of transducers required and type of communication preferences. We will present different configurations of this product and will show the results of an installation in field and discuss thickness and wall loss data.

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Synergistic Effect of Chloride, Sulfide and Thiosulfate on the SCC Behavior of Carbon Steel Welds Exposed to Concrete Pore Water under Anoxic Conditions

Product Number: 51324-20786-SG

Author: B. Kursten; S. Caes; V. De Souza; R. Gaggiano

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The supercontainer (SC) is the current reference concept for the geological disposal of vitrified high-level nuclear waste and spent fuel in Belgium. It comprises a prefabricated concrete buffer that completely surrounds a carbon steel overpack. Welding is being considered as the final closure technique of the carbon steel overpack in order to ensure its water tightness. Welding is known to induce residual stresses in the weld zone and its vicinity, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this study, slow strain rate tests were conducted to study the SCC behavior of plain and welded UNS K02700 grade carbon steel exposed to an artificial concrete pore water solution that is representative for the SC concrete buffer environment. The tests were performed at 140 °C, at a constant strain rate of 5·10-7 s-1 and at open circuit potential under anoxic conditions. The synergistic effect of chloride, sulfide and thiosulfate on the SCC behavior of carbon steel was investigated up to levels of 35,000 mg?L-1 Cl-, 500 mg?L-1 S2- and 600 mg?L-1 S2O32-. In all the tested electrolyte solutions, none of the studied steel configurations, including welded and heat-affected zone materials, were found to be susceptible to SCC.

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Association for Materials Protection and Performance