AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Optimization of Accelerated Life Testing of Anodes

Product Number: MPWT19-15290

Author: Mansour Alhammad, Abdullatif Alabdulhadi, Balasubramani Bakthavatchalu, Nayef Alanazi, Haitham Aljuhani, Abdulrahman Alhuwaiji

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

The performance of titanium mixed metal oxide (MMO-Ti) anodes — provided by five global vendors — targeted for coke breeze backfilled soil impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) applications, was investigated in this study. The time to failure of the MMO anodes was measured in accordance with NACE TM0-108. Accelerated lifetime testing was performed on MMO anodes to measure sample durability and to adequately meet the current density design requirement (0.06A/cm2). The anodes were immersed in 1M sulfuric acid under varying current densities (1A/cm2, 1.4A/cm2 and 2A/cm2) under controlled temperature, until the samples lost their electro-catalytic properties. The results measured at 1A/cm2 illustrated that time to failure of the tested anodes ranged from 10 days to more than 90 days. While conducting the same test at 1.4A/cm2, time to failure of MMO anodes was reduced to a range of 13 days to a little over 30 days yielding results of anode ranking consistent with those measured at 1A/cm2. Therefore, for the sake of time, the optimum applied accelerated current density was recommended to be 1.4 A/cm2 for Ru/Ta MMO anodes, to push them to their limits at a faster rate in a shorter time.

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Optimization of FGD Operating Conditions by Electrochemical Laboratory Testing Applied to Alloy UNS S32205

Product Number: 51320-15069-SG

Author: Daniel Betancourt, Steven Kung, Craig Birkenfeld, Jie Wen

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are frequently used at power plants to remove SO2 from coal combustion. In systems where limestone is utilized, calcium sulfate from the resulting slurry can be concentrated into a valuable byproduct. However, the concentrated slurry containing chloride poses increased localized corrosion risk to the materials of construction in contact with exhaust/combustion stream. Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization (CPP) and Critical Crevice Temperature (CCT) present electrochemical methodologies which can be used to assess the relative risk of different conditions in the laboratory. However, the results of these techniques can be dependent on the details of the experimental protocol. In this study, the effect of slurry preparation, potential scan rate, alloy conditioning time, and slurry acidity were examined. A conservative test protocol was developed based on the outcomes of the effects considered, and the critical chloride concentration of Alloy UNS S32205 was determined, enabling optimization of FGD operating conditions.

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Optimization of Side-Groove Configuration of NACE Method D Testing

Product Number: 51323-19218-SG

Author: Hiroki Kamitani, Hisashi Amaya, Keiichi Kondo, Yuji Arai

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion resistance of low alloy steels for oil country tubular goods (OCTG) is a key point in order to select the suitable material. Among the corrosion test defined in NACE TM0177-2016, Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) testing in accordance with NACE TM0177-2016 Method D can be evaluated corrosion resistance as fracture toughness (K1ssc).

In this methodology, testing operators check the validity of the fracture surface to determine K1ssc in accordance with NACE TM0177 Method D 11.6. Edge cracking has been a big issue for industries.

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Optimization of UNS N08034 in the Cold Worked Condition for Use in the Oil and Gas Industry

Product Number: 51324-20938-SG

Author: Philipp Hübner; Bodo Gehrmann; Julia Botinha; Helena Alves

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

UNS N08034, commonly referred to as Alloy 31 Plus(1), is a non-precipitation-hardenable super austenitic stainless steel that is currently commercially available in the solution-annealed state. Compared to its predecessor, Alloy 31(2) (UNS N08031), it has an increased nickel content and the addition of nitrogen and manganese, which serve to stabilize the austenitic phase. The well-balanced chemical composition of UNS N08034 enables excellent machinability in both hot and cold conditions, as well as favorable weldability. In the oil and gas industry, materials selected for various applications must possess superior corrosion resistance and enhanced mechanical strength, particularly at the expected operating temperatures. UNS N08034 shows promising potential for exploration in this regard. However, to meet the application requirements, an alternative production route must be established, specifically focusing on mechanical strength. This paper presents two distinct approaches. Firstly, the development of a cold working processing route for UNS N08034 is discussed. Secondly, the influence of specific alloying elements on the response to cold work is examined.

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Optimized Hardness Measurements for Micrometric Coatings in Disc Brake Components

Product Number: 51324-20993-SG

Author: Carlotta Carrubba; Andrea Bonfanti; Nicola Nocera; Federico Bertasi; Alessandro Mancini

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The manuscript describes an optimized analytical protocol for the measurement of hardness and Young’s modulus in micrometric Sol-Gel coatings for brake components. In particular, two different hybrid organic-inorganic coatings with different functional properties are presented as example. The work pays particular attention in developing and optimizing reliable hardness measurements procedures by coupling Focus Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) and Nano-Indentation (NI) probes. In particular, FIB-SEM is used to directly assess the actual coating thickness, avoiding any eventual damaging and artifact in thin layers possibly due to classical metallographic sample preparation. Once the thickness of the investigated coating is determined, then it is used as input parameter to calculate proper indentation penetration depth and load for NI measurements, thus avoiding any influence of the substrate in the obtained results. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed analytical protocol provides stable, reproducible and reliable hardness measurements in thin Sol-Gel coatings.

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Optimized Surface Preparation Method for Maintenance and Repair Coating

Product Number: MECC23-19877-SG

Author: Sangki Chi; Mohammed Alrudayni; Mana Al-Mansour

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

To achieve adequate protection of assets, use of a protective coating is one of predominant methods used in the oil and gas industry. There are several factors contribute in the coating service life, including surface preparation, coating application, coating material and environmental conditions. It is well known in the coating industry that 70% of the coating failures are attributed to improper surface preparation.

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Optimizing Corrosion Inhibitor Chemical Injection Performance

Product Number: MPWT19-15489

Author: Narayanan Suresh

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Yokogawa has long time been focusing on optimization of chemical injection process which is vital in almost all process industries. Research has been made to identify the existing problems in chemical injection applications, based on which a unique product solution named FluidCom was developed.
This paper addresses the challenges faced in Upstream and Downstream industries in terms of corrosion and how this corrosion threat is mitigated using Chemical injection systems and suggest the best practices and solution to optimize chemical injection system, while significantly reducing the CAPEX and OPEX. Also a reliable closed loop flow control can be achieved for chemical injection dosing application and as a result tighter and efficient control of corrosion.

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Optimizing CP Life Extension Projects for Marine Offshore Structures

Product Number: 51323-19070-SG

Author: Cristina Peratta, Andres Peratta, Robert Adey

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The complex of jacket structures and flowlines subject to retrofitting consists of 5 jacket structures and 8 subsea flowlines. The arrangement of assets and dimensions used in this work is designed to mimic the challenges posed by real complex scenarios. The complex has three central structures bridge linked (J1, J2 and J3) and two distant structures (J4 and J5) connected to J1 through underwater flowlines.

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Optimizing Equipment Availability through Structured Engineering Assessment

Product Number: MPWT19-14367

Author: Paresh Haribhakti, Ketan Upadhyaya

$0.00

The recognized international codes, such as ASME [1], API[2], BS[3] provide design and fabrication guidelines for various equipment used in industries viz. pressure vessels, piping and storage tanks. However, the fabrication standards do not address acceptability of the equipment on detection of any deterioration; once put in to the operation.
The engineering assessment becomes essential when flaws such as “leakage”, ‘metal loss’ or ‘linear indications’ are detected during routine inspections. Sometimes, observed damages or flaws, do not meet the definition criteria as per assessment steps given in the international standards of fitness for service. In order to asses such damages, a structured engineering approach based on experience and judgment would help in such situations.
Describing the structured engineering assessment approach, this paper discusses a case study on typical ‘hydrogenation reactor’ that displayed micro-level leakage. Until 2015, the reactor often leaked during service prior to the assessment. This approach using various NDT methods, microstructural examination and structured engineering analysis identified the problem of dilution of base metal with welding that was leading to inter dendritic corrosion at micro level. The structured engineering analysis paved the forward path by which the reactor could be operated without any unscheduled outages since then after providing improved welding procedure.

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Optimizing Pipeline AC Threat Assessments using Computational Aided Engineering (CAE) Modelling

Product Number: 51323-19219-SG

Author: Christophe Baeté, Dr Olga Dolgikh

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

There are several well documented reports and standards that detail what information is required to assist with an AC threat assessment. The Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP) also details specific requirements and recommendations in terms of AC and the type of data and information required, in the NACE standard SP0177-2019, “Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control Systems”. The documents and reports which address AC threat assessment, and which are available today, are all premised upon best engineering practices.

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Optimizing Sol-Gel Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Braking Discs

Product Number: 51323-18872-SG

Author: Nicola Nocera, Bozhena Tsyupa, Marco Bandiera, Mary Angel Abello, Pietro Della Bella, Alessandro Piglione, Andrea Bonfanti, Federico Bertasi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

As far as the automotive sector is concerned, braking discs (BDs) are objects usually made of Grey Cast-Iron (GCI), i.e. a material exhibiting overall good mechanical properties and castability, but poor corrosion resistance. In particular, looking at the standard working conditions of a disc brake system, several environmental factors can cause and enhance GCI corrosion phenomena, such as: i) atmospheric moisture; i) ionic species contained in aerosols (e.g., chlorides and sulfates); iii) air differential corrosion caused by discs surface soiling by mud or other materials; and iv) galvanic coupling between the rotor and the braking pads.

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Optimizing Sour Gas Qualification Testing – Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Total Pressure on H2S Fugacity, Activity, and Solubility Coefficients

Product Number: 51323-18762-SG

Author: Brent W.A. Sherar, Diana Miller, Hui Li

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Traditionally, sour severity of high-pressure, high temperature (HPHT) oil and gas production wells were assessed by H2S partial pressure (PH2S): The mole fraction of H2S in the gas (yH2S) multiplied by the total pressure (PT). While PH2S is appropriate for characterizing the sour severity of wellbores operating at low total pressures (e.g., PT < 35 MPa) and/or for highly sour systems (e.g., yH2S > 1 mol%), PH2S usually over-predicts the actual sour severity of HPHT systems, leading to sub-optimal material selection options.