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On the Effects of Test Frequency and Crack Driving Force on the Crack Growth Rate Behavior of 4340 Steel

Product Number: 51323-19429-SG

Author: W. Fassett Hickey, Matt Rahimi, Bob Cowan, Tony Nguyen

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Crack growth rate properties are used to assess life and integrity to determine appropriate operating conditions and service life; permissible flaw sizes; and defining minimum detectable flaw size requirements for non-destructive evaluations (NDE). In corrosion-fatigue environments, it is important to characterize the corrosion-fatigue crack growth behavior at a frequency that allows maximum interaction between the material and the environment to ensure that test conditions are suitably representative of service conditions and appropriately conservative.

A crucial step in qualifying a material for use in a critical engineering application in oil and gas production is quantifying the effect of test frequency on the FCGRs of the material in a representative environment.

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On The Performance Of UNS S32100 vs N08825 Expansion Compensator Materials In Geothermal Applications

Product Number: 51322-17790-SG

Author: Keith Lichti, Soroor Ghaziof

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Geothermal fluid pipelines experience temperature changes on startup and shutdown that can be of the order 300 °C. Carbon steel pipeline design can include expansion loops and direction changes to allow for thermal expansion and contraction for the long lengths of pipeline commonly used from geothermal production wells to the geothermal power station and from the station to reinjection wells. In some instances, expansion compensators are used where there is insufficient area for such loops or where the pipe diameter is prohibitively large.

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On the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Materials Used in Drilling and Reservoir Characterization Applications

Product Number: 51324-20872-SG

Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper; Julia Ditmann; Sebastian Jesse

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Because of their versatility CrMn-stainless steels have become the most used structural materials in directional and while-drilling reservoir characterization tools. Nevertheless, pitting and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) are a major concern when these materials are subjected to high halide-containing water-based drilling fluids at elevated temperatures. Consequently, pitting corrosion resistance becomes a crucial property to guarantee operational reliability and integrity of drilling equipment. Indeed, nickel-stabilized austenitic stainless steels and super austenitic stainless steels with higher contents of chromium and molybdenum have been recently developed as alternatives in drilling operations involving harsh environments. In this study, the pitting and repassivation behavior of several grades used in drilling technology was investigated using electrochemical methods. The tests were conducted in brines with different pH-values at temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 150 °C. Experimental results are compared to PREN-Mod and CPT-values as well as to results from ASTM G48 Method A. The experimental data provided in this paper demonstrates the lack of correlation between the real pitting resistance of most grades commonly used in drilling equipment in brines at elevated temperatures and the commonly used PREN-Mod values. In addition, the limited applicability of results from standardized test methodologies for predicting pitting susceptibility in service is confirmed. The discussed electrochemical results provide on the other hand a more suitable basis for defining criteria regarding materials selection in drilling technology.

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On the Sea Water Corrosion Resistance of Alloy 825 CTP (UNS N08827), an Improved Version of Alloy 825 (UNS N08825)

Product Number: 51324-20983-SG

Author: Julia Botinha; Katharina Utens; Philipp Huebner; Daniela Zander; Helena Alves

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

UNS(1) N08827, commercially called Alloy 825 CTP(2), represents a significant advancement of UNS N08825 (Alloy 825)(2) by virtue of its tailored chemical composition, resulting in enhanced localized corrosion resistance. The key modification in UNS N08827 involves a notable augmentation in molybdenum content, which has been raised to approximately 6%, twice the amount found in the conventional UNS N08825, which contains 3% molybdenum. Consequently, this alloy surpasses a critical threshold for the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) by exceeding 40, a prerequisite for specific applications within the oil and gas sector. Prior investigations have already demonstrated the heightened resistance of UNS N08827 to pitting and crevice corrosion when exposed to ferric chloride solutions, as evidenced by ASTM(3) G48 C and D tests. Building upon this foundation, the subsequent objective was to assess the corrosion performance of this alloy in an artificial seawater environment. This research paper presents the outcomes obtained from subjecting Alloy 825 CTP UNS N08827 to ASTM G61 and ASTM G150 tests, focusing on its corrosion behavior.

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On The Suitability Of ASTM 532 IIB Cr White Cast Irons For Erosion-Corrosion And Abrasion-Corrosion Applications

Product Number: 51321-17018-SG

Author: Jiaren (Jimmy) Jiang; Yongsong Xie; MD Aminul Islam; Baisheng Yao

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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On the weldability and corrosion resistance of alloy UNS N08827 – a further improvement of alloy UNS N08825

Product Number: 51323-18847-SG

Author: Julia Botinha, Martin Wolf, Helena Alves

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Recently, the nickel-based alloy UNS N08827, commercially known as VDM ® Alloy 825 CTP(3), has been presented to the oil and gas industry as an alloy that has been developed to fill in the existing gap between both UNS N08825 and UNS N06625 in terms of localized corrosion resistance. It is a solid-solution nickel alloy with chemical composition similar to UNS N08825, except for its doubled molybdenum content and the no addition of titanium.

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Online Asset and Integrity Monitoring to Enhance Safety, Reliability and Profitability

Product Number: MECC23-20244-SG

Author: Ammar Almousa; William Fazackerley

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Over the past decades cost pressure in oil refining has increased, especially in Europe where the consumption of oil products is decreasing over time. Refineries are investigating ways to increase margin and, given that they account for around 80% of total refinery expenditure, reduction of crude oil cost is a key factor. One way of doing this is to purchase cheaper and generally less desirable crude from global markets.

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Online Seam Treatment of ERW pipes for proper material selection, process control and toughness improvement

Product Number: MPWT19-14408

Author: C. Cincunegui, M. Coloschi, P. Marino, E. Martínez, and M. Valdez

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipes X60M / X65M API 5L PSL2, with resistance to ductile fracture propagation as per API 5L PSL2 Annex G [1] are achieved not only by setting the proper welding parameters and the steel cleanliness, but also by a combination of metallurgical processes affecting the final weld line and HAZ microstructure. The steel chemistry is the starting point to minimize the presence of inclusions, central segregation and the toughness impairment due to harmful elements, S, P, etc. on the pipe body, with a given casting and rolling technology. During the welding process, the right parameters combination is needed to avoid cold weld, penetrators, and other weld imperfections. At the last stage, the Seam Heat Treatment (SHT) has to be adjusted in a way that the steel response to the thermal cycles leads to the compliance of mechanical requirements at the weld line and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). This heat treatment is performed through electromagnetic induction using several coils, which allows it to have a rapid and localized heating of the HAZ into the austenitic region, and that is followed by air cooling. The objective is to refine the structure and to eliminate brittle constituents around the weld line. As the SHT strongly affects the weld performance, the optimum processing conditions such as austenitization temperature and cooling rate may not be the same for all steel chemistry, and has to be carefully selected. The capability to model the thermal cycle after the ERW process and the understanding of the metallurgical behavior of different steel chemistries and dimensional configuration becomes the main target of any ERW pipe manufacturer aiming supply reliable Line Pipes as per API 5L PSL2 Annex G. In this work, a numerical thermal model of the SHT is presented along with validation and simulation results. A summary of metallurgical thermal cycle simulations by means of a Gleeble® 3500, applied on different steels is also included.

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On-Site Corrosion Inhibitor Detection For Improved Corrosion Management

Product Number: 51321-16792-SG

Author: Andy Osnowski; Scott Rankin; Harry Grover; Jenni Howe; Fiona Carson

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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On-Site Parameter Measurements And Corrosion Coupon Tests Of Buried Pipeline Subject To AC Interferences Of High Speed Railway

Product Number: 51322-17725-SG

Author: Le Chen, Jianjun Li, Yanxia Du, Nianpei Tian, Jia Liu, Yi Liang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

With the rapid development of the economy and acceleration of urban modernization, many high-speed railways and buried pipelines have been built in China. Due to the limitation of space or geographical location, high-speed railways are often constructed in parallel or crossing with long-distance pipelines in some locations. The interference of high-speed railways on pipelines is the result of inductive and conductive coupling, which brings about AC corrosion and other safety issues.

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Operational Performance of RTP Flowline at Corrosive Nonassociated Sweet Gas

Product Number: MPWT19-15263

Author: Abdulhadi F. Al-Qahtani

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

In alignment with the corporate road map, the Southern Area Gas Producing Facilities (SAGPF) of Saudi Aramco has led an initiative of replacing a traditional carbon steel flow-line with reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) on a trial basis. The candidate flow-line was selected after identifying several metal loss indications via an in-line-Inspection tool. The objective of this experimental pilot was to examine the performance of nonmetallic pipeline for a conventional gas well. It is noteworthy that this trial-test is considered to be the first of its kind in Saudi Aramco —the use of RTP in a permanent flow-line installation at a conventional gas well. This technical paper will primarily discuss several important elements of the project. Firstly, it will highlight an overview on the overall corrosion damage mechanism within the conventional gas wells’ piping network and existing controlling measures. Secondly, it will highlight the advantages of this technology deployment in the oil and gas industry. Additionally, it will discuss the implementation of RTP flow-line installation, in which it will present the construction phase, commissioning, operational performance, and the successful criteria of this trial test.

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Opportunistic Compilation Of ECDA, ILI, And Hydrostatic Testing For Successful Pipeline Uprating: Case Study

Product Number: 51322-17480-SG

Author: Paul S. Young

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The annual natural gas demand in the United States surpassed 31 trillion cubic feet in 2019. This is over a 500% increase from demand in the 1950’s (5.7 trillion cubic feet) [1]. As gas demand continues to rise, pipeline operators have limited options to meet demand requirements. Pressure uprating is one option that can be leveraged for certain pipelines to meet the increased demand economically.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance