AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Measuring Chemical Composition Of Pipeline Steel Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Technology

Product Number: 51322-18193-SG

Author: Brian Wilson

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

LIBS is a type of optical emission spectroscopy used to measure elemental concentrations in a material. LIBS operates by using a pulsed, focused laser that is fired at a sample with sufficient pulse energy as to create a plasma around the area struck. Bound atomic electrons are stripped from the atoms comprising the material. As the plasma cools, atoms recombine with electrons and in the process emit light in the UV, optical and IR regimes.

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Measuring IR-Free Potential: Analysis of the Remaining IR Components in the Off Measurements and Importance of the Design of SRE with Integrated Coupon to Obtain it.

Product Number: 51323-18803-SG

Author: Ivano Magnifico

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

As known, ISO 15589-1 and SP0169 protection criteria refers to IR-Free potentials values to be met by applying cathodic protection to limit corrosion rate and, at the same time, to avoid overprotection: in this respect, according to the type of currents influencing the metallic structure, European standard EN 13509 proposes different measurement techniques for measuring IR Free potential.

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Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Metal Dusting Resistant Nickel-Base N06235 Alloy

Product Number: 51324-20910-SG

Author: Ling Chen; Michael G. Fahrmann; Jeremy L. Caron; Vinay Deodeshmukh

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Nickel-base N06235 alloy is a solid-solution strengthened Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy that was developed to resist metal dusting corrosion attack in high temperature structural applications involving carbonaceous and other high temperature corrosive environments, particularly in syngas production and processing environments. Improved metal dusting resistance was achieved by significant additions of copper and high amounts chromium to inhibit carbon deposition, ingress, and coke formation as previously reported. The high temperature creep-rupture and tensile strength of the wrought alloy and its weldments were investigated in this paper. Weld samples produced by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), exhibit tensile and creep-rupture strength similar to that of wrought alloy in the temperature range from 538 to 1093oC (1000 to 2000oF). In addition, the retained room and elevated temperature tensile properties of the wrought base metal after 4000-hour long-term aging at temperatures from 649 to 871°C (1200 to 1600oF) are reported.

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Mechanical Tests on a Vintage API 5L Grade X52 Linepipe Steel under Gaseous and Cathodic H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-20904-SG

Author: M. Palombo; F. Recanzone; D. Morando; I. Milano; F. Catalano

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this period of transition, attention to the environment and clean sources of energy are topics that are acquiring increasing interest. With particular reference to the energy industry, hydrogen is becoming the ideal candidate for the replacement of fossil fuels. The distribution of hydrogen is forced to be conducted through the usage of the existing net of pipelines; therefore, using pipes fabricated in different periods (from 1970 up to present). This means, the prediction of the behavior of the pipeline steel under H2 charging (gaseous or cathodic) is not easy and requires a big specific effort to be performed. Therefore, in this work a vintage API 5L grade X52 pipe fabricated in 1970 was characterized both under cathodic and gaseous hydrogen environment; a comparison between mechanical tests with in situ H2 charging was compared with results obtained from KIH test in gaseous hydrogen at 80 bar and a complete picture of the behavior of the material was obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained from slow strain rate tests on notched specimens up to 1500 bar are presented and discussed.

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Mechanical, Microstructural And Corrosion Characterization Of Low Binder Containing WC-Co Grades Using A Binderjet Process

Product Number: 51322-17583-SG

Author: Krutibas Panda, Ed Rusnica, Reece Goldsberry, Jerry Domingue, Paul Prichard, Zhuqing Wang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Cemented carbides have been widely used to make parts for wear applications due to the excellent combination of hardness and toughness. Cemented carbides represent a group of composite materials containing hard metal carbides, such as tungsten carbide (WC), bonded by ductile metallic binder agents, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe).¹ By varying WC grain size, weight fraction of metallic binder, and processing parameters, a wider range of microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved.

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Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) as a Substitute for Metallurgically Clad Pipe

Product Number: MPWT19-15240

Author: Steven Goodier, Paul Montague

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Global demand for natural gas is growing concurrently with traditional reservoirs depleting. This is
resulting in Global and Middle Eastern hydrocarbon exploration and production increasingly moving
towards hydrocarbon developments in deeper water where higher Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Hydrogen
Sulphide (H2S) along with High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) environments are encountered.
This is driving an increased demand for Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) pipe and in particular clad
pipe. Clad pipe is the combination of carbon steel for strength combined with a thin (typically 3mm)
layer or CRA. Demand is increasing at a dramatic rate globally with the Middle Eastern market alone
expected to increase over 100% over the next 4 years from 2018 requirements [1]. Clad pipe is a
cheaper alternative than solid CRA and there is a number of alternate manufacturing methods. This
paper outlines the benefits of adopting Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) in comparison to conventional
Metallurgically Clad Pipe. A dramatic increase in utilisation of MLP over the coming years is anticipated,
balancing the currently dramatic CRA pipe supply/demand imbalance.

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Mechanisms And Polymorphic Transformation Of Calcium Carbonate Inorganic Scale In Oil-Water Emulsion.

Product Number: 51322-17876-SG

Author: Olujide Sanni, Wassim Taleb, Richard Barker, Anne Neville, Ogbemi Bukuaghangin, Thibaut Charpentier, Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The formation of mineral scale is an undesirable phenomenon which is as a result of the disturbances in thermodynamics and chemical equilibria of the water system. CaCO₃ scale is one of the major flow challenges in the oil industry and the crystallization process starts from thermodynamically unstable hydrated form to anhydrous polymorphic stable forms^1,2 The transformation involves a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy of the system where the crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowers the enthalpy the most. There are two theories regarding the polymorphic transformation of a solid structure. The first suggests the transformation occurs through a direct solid transition in which the metastable phase exhibits a rearrangement of its molecules or atoms to a more stable form³. The second is valid in the presence of a solvent which allows the dissolution and the re-nucleation and growth of the stable phase⁴.

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Mechanistic Insights into Refinery Sulfidation Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-19107-SG

Author: Ishan Patel, Gheorghe Bota, David Young

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

High temperature sulfidation (or sulfidic) corrosion of steel by sulfur species in crude oil has long been known to damage refinery equipment. Corrosion engineers have been using prediction curves derived from field corrosion data to estimate rates of sulfidation corrosion. However, a significant inaccuracy is often encountered in these estimations because of the extensive diversity in molecular structures of sulfur compounds in crude oils.

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Mechanistic Model as a Bias toMachine Learning Algorithm for Confident Prediction of Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-19108-SG

Author: Ishan Patel, Gheorghe Bota

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A constant challenge persists among corrosion engineers to estimate and predict field corrosion rates despite the huge advancements in corrosion science. This situation has compelled the corrosion engineers to opt for the machine learning (ML) algorithms for corrosion prediction. However, the “blackbox” ML algorithms are not appreciated in high stakes decisions because they use arbitrary fitting models rather than scientific principles.

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Mechanistic Modeling Of The Impedance Response Of Cathodic Reduction Of Hydrogen Ion In Strong Acidic Environments

Product Number: 51322-17900-SG

Author: Negar Moradighadi, Yoon-Seok Choi, Srdjan Nesic

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

EIS is one of the techniques which is frequently used for studying electrochemical reactions on a metal surface in an aqueous environment. However, one of the main challenges in using EIS is the interpretation of results. Various interpretation methods and their associated uncertainties lead to ambiguous outcomes and often end up with a biased analysis One of the methods frequently used is the so-called “equivalent electrical circuit” method which models the response of and electrochemical system by matching it to that of a combination of “analogous” electrical circuit components, such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, etc.

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Mechanized GMAW Root Profile Irregularities and Its Effects

Product Number: MPWT19-15392

Author: Alawi Al Saigh, Fahad Al Mahashir,

$0.00

This paper illustrates and discusses a failure that occurred during construction of a carbon steel pipeline, in which the root profile irregularities led to an unacceptable surface condition that affected the application of liquid epoxy coating. This irregularity was identified to be weld root protrusions having sharp edges due to poor implementation of Mechanized GMAW welding process and periodic maintenance of equipment which left a gap between copper backing shoes of the internal clamps. Therefore, the integrity and effectiveness of applying internal coating of carbon steel pipeline was jeopardized, which necessitated all effected weld joints with unacceptable root profile to be rectified.
In order to identify the root cause(s) of these irregularities, the client and contractor performed an in-depth thorough investigation. In addition to the investigation findings, the paper will also highlight the following:
a. The resolution, which involved the cutting out and re-welding of more than 1200 joints.
b. The significant impact of the rectification process on the project’s schedule and cost.
c. Recommendations for future projects.
Furthermore, as all data and findings collected during this investigation were crosschecked against project design and construction requirements, the following identified areas of improvement and preventive measures are recommended:
a. Proper project planning, execution and resource availability.
b. Pre-production qualification of welding/coating application and quality assurance process.
c. Periodic preventive maintenance of the welding equipment.
d. Application of improved techniques/technologies to verify the weld root profile.
Implementing the above should result in enhanced process control, improved root profile and reduced coating application deficiencies that will minimize reworks, reduce rejection, improve
progress, and ultimately provide the desired quality for both weldments and coating at an optimum cost.

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Metal Dusting Resistance Of Nicrmocu Alloy And Its Weld Overlay Under High Pressure Condition

Product Number: 51322-17570-SG

Author: Bingtao Li, Vinay Deodeshmukh, Clara Schlereth, Anke S. Ulrich, Mathias C. Galetz

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Many industrial processes contain H2, CO, CO2, and H2O gas mixtures, such as syngas production and processing in hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol plants. These process environments have high carbon activity, i.e. a_c > 1, and low oxygen partial pressure at their elevated operating temperatures, such as in the temperature range of 400-800 °C (752-1472 °F). The high carbon activity could result in a catastrophic material degradation, i.e. metal dusting. The resulting corrosion products consist of carbon or graphite and metal particles, along with possible carbides and oxides, and cause material disintegration.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance