AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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A Recent Case Of Intermetallic Precipitations In Super Duplex

Product Number: 51322-17627-SG

Author: Henrik Bang, Jakob Mølholm, Kirsten Grønning Sørensen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Production of oil and gas is well known to cause potential corrosion issues due to the CO2 content in the well stream. Carbon steel is widely used for production facilities as e.g. flowlines and manifolds, however, aging of the reservoir increases the number of corrosive agents, such as e.g. CO2, which are known to cause high corrosion rates in carbon steel. Therefore, carbon steel piping is often being replaced with super duplex stainless steel due to its high strength, excellent toughness and good corrosion resistance. Replacing carbon steel with super duplex has been conducted on several mature offshore oilfields in the European North Sea region.

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A Recent Failure Case Studies on Duplex Stainless Steels in Refinery

Product Number: 51324-20707-SG

Author: D.S Lee; Y. Ro; S.Y Pae

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is widely used in the refinery because of its economical combination of strength, corrosion resistance and cost. Various forms of damage may occur to the DSS depending on the concentration of chloride, H2S, water, and temperature. This report presents the analysis results of failure cases occurring in various environments of the SK energy refinery. Operation condition and corrosion environment of each exchanger are described. Analysis results of the cause of damage, inspection method and the results are also explained. This report introduces some failure analysis cases occurred in various environments of the refinery, for example, chloride induced SCC (Cl-SCC) in CDU and SRP process, SSC (Sulfide Stress Crack) in the weldment of air cooler header box, and pitting corrosion in high temperature chloride environments. This study will clearly show the importance of a tube production quality of DSS and the limitation of DSS tube in terms of the surrounding environments such as temperature, Cl and/or H2S contents, and salt formation. Furthermore, the potential problem of a repair welding during manufacturing DSS header box will be presented. We think that the present case studies will help DSS end-users and manufactures improving the understanding of a safe application for DSS.

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A Remote Monitoring System Featuring GPS Synchronized Instant-Off Potential And Line-Current Measurements

Product Number: 51322-17635-SG

Author: Andreas Junker Olesen, Lars Vendelbo Nielsen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

There are several ways to validate the performance of a cathodic protection (CP) system for buried pipelines. Over the years, pipeline networks and their corrosion challenges have become increasingly complicated, not least due to the many sources of both AC and DC interference that affects CP operation. Also, the various measurement techniques that can be applied to test CP effectiveness has increased over the years. Finally, the sheer number of buried pipeline miles has been constantly increasing.

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A Review Of Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Factors For Austenitic Stainless Steel

Product Number: 51322-17524-SG

Author: Sangeetha Rao

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper will identify and document how these different factors affect the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel to Chloride-Stress Corrosion cracking based on a review of currently available literature. A review of current industry best practices and a review of how the Oxygen content, the pH and application of stress relief affects Chloride-Stress Corrosion Cracking will be documented and presented.

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A Review of Corrosion-Related Failures and Preventive Measures on Non-Magnetic Cr-Mn Austenitic Stainless Steel Drill Collars

Product Number: 51323-19370-SG

Author: Flavia Kudla, Yao Yao, Manuel Marya

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Drill collars are thick-walled pipes that provide stiffness and concentration of mass at or near the bit and are among the main components of the bottom-hole assembly (BHA). The non-magnetic drill collars (NMDCs) represent a sub-category of proprietary drill collars that enable magnetic surveying and directional drilling. Due to their cross-section, NMDCs are inherently heavy and can convey a strong push on the drill bit itself, minimizing cutting instability problems, while their strength is sufficient to prevent buckling while drilling.

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A Review Of Fit-For-Purpose Sour Tests Of Low Alloy Steels: Effects Of Buffer Chemistry And Purge Gas Composition

Product Number: 51321-16578-SG

Author: Brian Chambers / Manuel Gonzalez

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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A Review Of Hydrogen Stress Cracking Of Nickel-Based Alloys For Oil And Gas Applications

Product Number: 51321-16705-SG

Author: Thierry Cassagne; Hervé Marchebois; Thiago Mesquita

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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A Review of Naphthenic Acid Corrosion and Sulfidic Corrosion in Crude Oil Refining Applications

Product Number: 51319-13443-SG

Author: Yuhchae Yoon

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Corrosion problems related to crude refining became a dominant concern as crude oil refining expanded to serve global energy demands with economic costs and benefits in the petroleum industry and more so with the availability of ‘opportunity crudes’. Reducing oil production costs have continuously forced refineries to look for so-called “opportunity” or “alternate” crudes which are usually lower quality higher corrosivity crude oils with higher levels of naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds. Processing of these high acid high sulfur crudes has engendered significant corrosion concerns in hot oil distillation units and associated piping systems.Mitigating ‘opportunity crude’ corrosivity involves several strategies including improvement of the refining process of blending crudes injection of inhibitors de-acidification utilization of better materials with higher corrosion resistance control of flow velocity and associated wall shear stress produced by the flow media and finally optimization of in-service inspection and monitoring in oil refineries. This paper will review based on the experience of the authors in developing extensive naphthenic acid corrosivity data from a comprehensive Joint Industry Program (JIP) the influence of crude oil chemistry on naphthenic acid corrosion contributions of reactive sulfur chemistry to protectiveness and FeS scale formation and the ability to resist naphthenic acid corrosion utilizing beneficial sulfur speciation as well as acid molecular weight molecular structure molecular boiling point as well as operational parameters of temperature shear stress and alloy metallurgy.Key words: Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Sulfidic Corrosion Corrosion Prediction Opportunity crude processing

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A Review of Optically Active Coatings

Product Number: 41209-486-SG

Author: Howard Jess

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

This paper proposes to identify the differences in chemistry between the two types of OAA and the potential shortfalls in the use of each type under practical working conditions. It will also highlight the proven benefits of these additives in service.

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A Review of the Development of 13-17% Cr Stainless Steel Filler Metals and Filler Metal Selection for Restoring 13% Cr Stainless Steel Cladding

Product Number: 51319-12754-SG

Author: Mikihiro Sakata

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Materials clad with 13% Cr stainless steel have been widely used in refining where high temperature sulfidation is a concern. When such materials are applied in columns vessels and heat exchangers restoration of the cladding using welded overlay on carbon or low alloy steel base metals is required during original fabrication or for welding repairs made during service. The first part of this paper describes a comprehensive review of the development in Japan since the 1970's of the use of 13% Cr stainless steel filler metal for restoring cladding. That review focuses mainly on the optimization of chemical compositions of the filler metal to avoid martensite formation and consequent cold cracking in the welds. Several cases are presented where 13% Cr stainless steel filler metal was applied to hydroprocessing reactors fractionators and coke drums made of 13% Cr stainless steel clad carbon or low alloy steels. The last half of this paper introduces three possible choices for the filler metal: Ni-based alloy Type 309 stainless steel and 13% Cr stainless steel. The pros and cons of each are discussed from the viewpoints of fabrication and corrosion resistance considering the service environment.

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A Review of the Effect of High-Pressure Hydrogen on Crack Growth of Pipeline Steels and an Assessment of their Suitability for Hydrogen Transportation Purpose

Product Number: 51324-21016-SG

Author: Shigekazu Miyashita; Shunji Kataoka

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The mechanical properties of piping materials in gaseous hydrogen environments are still a complex subject, although steel pipelines have been a major means of transporting gaseous hydrogen for decades. An assessment of the material performance in gaseous hydrogen environments is necessary for safe and reliable pipeline design and operation, not only for existing pipelines but also for new pipelines needed to accommodate future consumption demands. Since the materials for hydrogen pipelines are usually subjected to the repeated loading of pressure fluctuations, fatigue crack growth in steels in gaseous hydrogen is of paramount concern. In this paper, the current understanding of the effects of hydrogen on fatigue crack growth are reviewed. In particular, the effects of various parameters, such as steel grade, loading frequency, stress ratio, and hydrogen partial pressure are discussed in detail. Moreover, fatigue crack growth analyses in hypothetical hydrogen pipelines using a fatigue crack growth model developed by the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM) are presented. These analyses are used to assess the applicability of conventional pipeline steels, and their results indicate certain technical challenges for the industry.

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A Review of Various Guidelines for Predicting Solid Particle Erosion with Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes

Product Number: 51320-15105-SG

Author: G.G. Chochua, M. Parsi, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, T.A. Sedrez, S. Karimi, F. Darihaki, J. Edwards, H. Arabnejad, M. Agrawal, A. Asgharpour, R.E. Vieira, P. Zahedi, E. Gharaibah, S.A. Shirazi

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Solid particle erosion is one of the key issues affecting operational reliability and the cost of tools and equipment in the oil and gas industry. In a particular erosive environment, the extent to which erosion occurs depends on many factors, such as flow conditions, fluid properties, wall material, and particle properties. As a result, it is difficult to investigate the effects of all of these factors using experimental methods. One comprehensive alternative, however, is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which can provide the analyst with a great deal of information about the phenomenon, such as where erosion occurs as well as its severity. Of course, when using any CFD-based erosion prediction method, care must be taken when selecting appropriate meshing practices, solution parameters, and sub-models.
Best practices and guidelines for solid particle erosion modeling using CFD are described. In addition to discussing many parameters that should be considered when using CFD to predict solid particle erosion, the effects of many of these parameters and sub-models within the CFD codes are also discussed with several examples comparing CFD results to available experimental data. This paper can serve as a first step toward developing a comprehensive guideline for the industrial modeling of erosion phenomena and to help engineers improve the accuracy of erosion wear predictions.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance