AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Role of Non-Metallic Inclusions and the Microstructure Constituents on HIC Performance

Product Number: MPWT19-14439

Author: Amro Al-Hattab1,Diaa Elsanosy2, Gaurav Tomer3, Abdullah Al-Jarbou4

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

With increasing oil & gas demand and depletion of sweet reserves, oil & gas companies in the regional
economies are focusing towards the exploitation of sour resources. This necessitates the use of pipelines
and down-hole tubing made from special steels with significant resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking
(HIC). These steels are produced through specific technologies for enhanced chemical composition control
and microstructural engineering to incorporate the required strength, weld ability and improved HIC
resistance. It is well established that the HIC initiates at sites with microstructural heterogeneities whether
due to presence of gross nonmetallic inclusions or the micro-structural constituents. The presence of central
segregation further aggravates the conditions particularly when the final pipe sizes require the longitudinal
slitting of the coils. Presence of non-metallic inclusions in the steel makes it vulnerable to hydrogen-induced
cracking under wet H2S environment. The mechanism of HIC begins with the generation of hydrogen atoms
by corrosion reaction of H2S and Fe in the presence of free water. The hydrogen atoms then diffuse into
steel and accumulate around the inclusions. The higher number of inclusions equates to the more sites
available for hydrogen adsorption. Recombination of hydrogen atoms to H2 molecules builds up a heavy
gas pressure in the interface between matrix and inclusions. Cracking initiates because of the tensile stress
field caused by hydrogen gas pressure and crack propagates in the surrounding steel matrix. The
longitudinal slitting exposes the internal microstructural abnormalities to the skelp edges which are then
incorporated in the thermally stressed weld zone. While the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) mostly
homogenizes the weld zone microstructure, the presence of excessive central line features cannot be
completely removed thereby making this zone more prone to HIC attack

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Root Cause Analysis of a 30-inch Water Concrete Reinforced Pipe Rupture

Product Number: 51319-13060-SG

Author: Alejandrino Ruiz Alvarez

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

With over 7 decades of wide scale use of concrete reinforced pipe within infrastructure and water utilities in the United States the overall experience has generally been good. However intermittently problems can recur and drastically affect its performance. One such high profile and never the less recurring problem associated with concrete reinforced pipe has been discussed in this paper.In 2012 a rupture occurred on a 30-inch concrete reinforced water main pipe in the Northeastern United States. The 30-inch water main is a prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). PCCP is a composite pipe material mainly composed of concrete (concrete core) steel cylinder (or steel liner) mortar/concrete coating and prestressed/high-tension wires wrapped around the steel cylinder which is outside of concrete core.Penspen Corporation Houston were contracted by the water main operator to carry out an independent diagnostic Root Cause Analysis (RCA) to determine the probable physical root cause(s) of the concrete reinforced pipe rupture and subsequent functional failure of the water pipe at the failure location and to identify the contributing failure factors.A detailed laboratory program for concrete and steel (wire and sleeve) specimens from both the immediate location of the rupture and locations away from the rupture for testing and comparison was recommended. The tests recommended included: visual inspection comprehensive metallurgical analysis of the material steel properties testing and concrete petrographic analysis.Laboratory test results revealed unusual anomalous corrosion pattern that occurred near the sleeve. The results indicated that the corrosion to the sleeve and wires at the rupture location occurred primarily to the outside surface of the sleeve/wire construct. That is only minor corrosion was noted on the inside surface of the sleeve even near the rupture location. This suggests that the thick outer mortar layer of the pressure pipe had been structurally compromised at some time during its life and ground water had permeated onto the steel sleeve and wire. The test results also showed that the chlorine level was as high as 4.1 weight percent on the corroded wires and 3.0 weight percent on the corroded sleeve. These levels are alarmingly high and far above the levels normally found in soils and therefore they support the fact that crevice corrosion attack occurred over a long time upon the outer surfaces of the sleeve and high strength wires.Following a deductive-inductive analysis the hypothesis “Soil with high dissolved salts (mainly Chlorides)” was identified as the most probable intermediate physical root cause based on evidence obtained and laboratory testing results for this RCA.This paper provides an overview adopted methodology analysis results interpretation for the different stages of this root cause analysis key findings with a discussion of the contributing failure factors and key recommendations to be considered with same service PCCP and external environment.

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Root Cause and Forward Thinking Decisions

Product Number: 41215-928-SG

Author: Doug Sawyer

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

We often make decisions in haste, using poor factoring, not thinking through all the variables, ignoring risk, and a great number of other things we won’t mention right now but you can imagine. What decisions or effort do we do daily that could be enhanced by better decisions, and by default better process. A decision is made up of pieces, each piece providing a building block to the end. What pieces we use make a difference.

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Rotational Lining System and Use of High-Performance Thermoplastics

Product Number: MPWT19-15307

Author: Derek Lowth, Murali Adhyatmabhattar, Emma Mitchell

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Protecting carbon steel oil and gas pipelines with thermoplastic liners is a proven and cost-effective solution to prevent internal corrosion and abrasion. However, the industry is still facing considerable challenges when it comes to fittings and accessories such as elbows, tees, process equipment and complicated shapes.
Rotational lining (aka rotolining) is a technology which bonds a single/multi layered uniform, vacuum resistant, seamless polymer layer to the interior of virtually any metallic structure, regardless of shape and complexity. Once cooled, the result is a monolithic corrosion and chemical resistant lining that conforms to complex shapes and virtually free of stresses. This system results in a high quality and fully thermoplastic lined system.
Rotolining has been proven to provide long-term protection against corrosion and abrasion in various applications including saline water pipe systems, hydrocarbon service, mining and highly aggressive chemical service. This lining system can cover a wide range of fluid requirements, temperatures and applications using high-performance thermoplastics such as HDPE, PA-12, PVDF, ETFE and PFA. Rotolining is a cost-effective alternative to conventional solutions such as FBE, corrosion resistant alloy cladding or continuous chemical injection programs.
In this paper, some of the insights of the rotational lining system and usage of different high-performance thermoplastics are shared. This includes some very challenging and internationally proven case studies, which substantially benefited the entire value chain as long-term solutions

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Round-Robin Evaluation Of ISO 20340 Annex A Test Method

Product Number: 51316-6991-SG

ISBN: 6991 2016 CP

Author: Nathalie Lebozec

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Thus to establish the precision of ISO 20340 Annex A six laboratories participated in a round-robin evaluation of ISO 20340 annex A test method for the first time. The aim was to estimate the repeatability and the reproducibility of this test.

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Route to optimize temporary seal for downhole dissolvable magnesium plug application in HT: Failure analysis and learnings

Product Number: 51323-18889-SG

$20.00

Over the past two decades of the Shale Revolution that completely transformed the global energy market, Fast-dissolving magnesium (DM) alloy technology has advanced significantly in both performance improvement and cost reduction through continuous optimization, which significantly reduced operational costs of hydraulic fracturing. Thousands of tons of DM are manufactured yearly worldwide to make the so-called “multi-stage dissolvable frac plugs”.

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Rules of Removal: Chemical Paint Stripping and Historic Masonry

Product Number: 41214-839-SG

Author: Al Morris

Publication Date: 2014

$20.00

In restoration cleaning of historic masonry, you usually know based on contaminants and building fabric what kind of cleaner will be effective on a dirty building. You’ll use one type of restoration cleaner for atmospheric staining, and another for biological soiling. You’ll have an idea, going in, what kind of restoration cleaner to at least try. Not having that kind of information, in my experience, is what makes paint removal from historic – or just old – masonry the most challenging branch of restoration cleaning.

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Rust Creep: Are ASTM’s Good Enough?

Product Number: 51323-19345-SG

Author: Natalie Becerra-Stasiewicz, Cpt. Carolyn Ortiz, Dr. Rebekah Wilson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The US Army Corps of Engineers, Paint Technology Center (PTC) is a Technical Center of Expertise for
all things paints and coating for the Corps and Army. The PTC has a mission, among other things, to
execute research and development directly related to the corrosion mitigation properties of commercial
and experimental coatings. As part of this effort, coated panels are subjected to accelerated weathering
conditions and rust creep is quantified to determine the level of recommended mitigation.

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Rust Creepage Mechanism for Offshore Atmospheric Coatings

Product Number: 51323-18754-SG

Author: Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The service life of current offshore platform coatings are normally less than 10 years. It is very expensive ($100/ft2) to rehabilitate the offshore platform coatings in the field. Therefore, facility owners are very anxious to select the long-life coatings. The candidate coatings are normally tested in the lab following the ISO 12944-91 or the AMPP TM216122 standard.

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Sacrificial Anodes for Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Review

Product Number: 51317--9078-SG

ISBN: 9078 2017 CP

Author: Oladis de Rincon

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A review of research work in the literature to date for both laboratory and field evaluations, toward identifying technically relevant situations where the use of sacrificial anodes may or may not be a practical option for reinforcement protection in concrete structures.

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Safe Handling and Application of Spray Applied Polymeric Thick Film Coatings – What Contractors and Applicators Should Know

Product Number: 41207-316-SG

Author: Edward H. Conrad

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

Spray applied polyurethane and polyurea coatings, which are based on isocyanates, are widely used in a number of markets today. Several of these applications are in the automotive industry where many of the automotive paints and other coatings in use contain isocyanates. In the last 15 years, the use of isocyanates in the application of a spray applied truck bed liner (TBL) has been growing in popularity.

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Safe Processing of Naphthenic Acid Opportunity Crudes Using Chemical Inhibition and Online Monitoring

Product Number: 51317--9067-SG

ISBN: 9067 2017 CP

Author: Jake Davies

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper provides an overview of the risk assessment methodology and how it is applied to assess and monitor the risks in conjunction with a rigorous corrosion monitoring program comprising of multiple ultrasonic sensor placements. Various case studies are presented.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance