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Recent occurrences of high visibility structural failures have spurred interest to revisit inspection and repair of aging reinforced concrete structures. Chloride-induced corrosion can cause premature damage of structures in coastal regions. Corrosion induced by carbonation of the concrete and the concrete pore water, on the other hand can occur in many other environments including structures in both wet and dry exposures. This type of corrosion can become increasingly relevant in residential buildings as housing structures age to where sufficient carbonation occurs at reinforcing steel depths.
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The Hanford Nuclear Reservation contains radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising mostly from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through the Cold War. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of River Protection is responsible for retrieving the tank wastes, treating them in order to encapsulate them in glass logs, and then permanently closing the tanks and associated facilities.
Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous salts such as silica, metal silicates,coprecipitated silica with mineral salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc.,is a serious challenge facing the technologists in the efficient operation of industrialsystems. Severe fouling at times results in premature expensive equipment replacement,early shutdown, increase in operating pressure of pumps, and enhance the probability ofcorrosion damage. In many cases, the removal of foulants leads to discontinuousoperation of the system, resulting in higher operating costs. In geothermal applications,siliceous scale typically occurs when brine is cooled in the course of brine handling andenergy extraction.
Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) is now known to be the main mode of failure in incidents associated with a number of wet gas pipelines operated all over the world. TLC is nevertheless a relatively recent phenomenon in a sense that its existence was only acknowledged about 10 to 15 years ago. Several research activities have been carried out since then to identify the main corrosion mechanisms and to propose appropriate mitigation techniques. Among them the use of volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) seems very promising. However the industry now suffers from a lack of consistency in the TLC inhibition evaluation methods. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical review of the different experimental setups proposed in the literature for the evaluation of VCI performances highlighting benefits and drawbacks of each method. Building on this valuable experience an effort is then made to propose a state of the art testing protocol for the determination of corrosion inhibition efficiency and persistency of VCI for TLC applications.
Both cast (UNS N08151) and wrought (UNS N08810/N08811) metallurgies have been used for outlet components. The microstructural features responsible for material performance, the various microstructural alterations occurring in service are reviewed as are the impact on serviceability and on, repair weldability and examples of failures.
Alloy K-500 (UNS N05500) is concomitantly a centurial material and the very first precipitation-strengthened nickel-based alloy, then developed in the 1920s by the newly-formed International Nickel Company, or Inco. Derived from Monel 400 (UNS N04400) that was invented in 1901, Alloy K-500 shares many of the same corrosion and tribological characteristics. Being a pioneer alloy with so-called “stain-less” characteristics, AlloyK-500 also established itself as the first high-strength oilfield nickel alloy, having survived sour service conditions exceeding the capabilities of the low-alloy steels of the time. From early naval propeller shaft applications togeneral cross-industrial uses, Alloy K-500 has always been considered a corrosion-resistant alloy, or CRA. For instance, it has been included in the NACE MR1075 document right from the first 1975 edition.
Reviewing literature related to corrosion research brings to light the importance of understanding the mechanisms involved, and how this is essential to aid in development of mathematical models for corrosion prediction. The current research documents possible mechanisms for the dissolution of pure iron in strong acid in a potential range in the potential range of ±50 mV vs. OCP, providing explanations for corrosion engineers and researchers working with mild steel. Prediction of corrosion rate relies on the precise understanding of the anodic and cathodic processes at the metal surface in the potential range close to the OCP.
As the petroleum and energy industries relentlessly push boundaries to achieve operational efficiency and sustainability, the materials they utilize come under increasing analysis. Historically dominated by metallic components, downhole applications are witnessing a transformative shift towards non-metallic composite material such as Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) tubulars. These non-metallic solutions guarantees enhanced durability, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to the corrosive environment.
Army Regulation (AR) 11-42, Army Corrosion Prevention and Control Program, requires that program managers and engineers use a risk-based approach (RBA) to identify the corrosion susceptibility on critical components and the consequence to the overall system. Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA PAM) 11-42 provides an example of generic procedures for conducting a risk-based approach. The goal of this project was to develop a detailed, standardized process for conducting a risk-based approach during CPC planning.