AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Risk Evaluation Of Potential Coating Damage From HDD

Product Number: 51322-17762-SG

Author: Ron Raphoon

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper will identify the potential causes of pipe coating failure, from the design angles to the soil types, to the fracture methods of rocks, and pull forces. It will present a logical method for evaluating the condition of an HDD pull prior to its installation so that the right level of coating protection may be applied. The pipelines that carry our world's energy and industrial networks are a vital lifeblood of our society. HDD’s play such an integral part in keeping all aspects of the pipeline and its construction running smoothly, the aim here it to ensure there are no hiccups along the way.

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Risk-based Coating Inspections Against Potential Corrosion Threats (RBCI)

Product Number: MPWT19-14292

Author: Kumar Kolur Vadivelu

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Risk-based inspection is a business process and improvement tool to enhance asset performance as well as asset life. This paper intends to discuss risk-based coating inspection parameters to enhance coating/lining life and prevent and or mitigate the corrosion threat to assets. This paper further discusses each key aspect of protective coating/lining inspection parameters and its intended purpose.

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Robotic Sprayed-in-Place Pipelining: the Polyurea Goes Round & Round

Product Number: 41214-847-SG

Author: Dudley J Primeaux II, Todd Gomez

Publication Date: 2014

$20.00

The polyurea technology is not new to pipelining work, with earlier basic applications dating back more than 15 years. Much of this work was either performed by hand spraying (large diameter pipe) or simple robotic systems for individual joint sections of pipe. Continued work over the years has proven that in-place pipelines can be commercially completed as well. More recent work has even shown that in addition to long, straight runs, robotic developments have allowed for lining both 45° and 90° radius bends in the pipeline system.

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Robust Non-Phosphorus Cooling Water Treatment Program That Reduces The Biological Control Challenge - A Case Study

Product Number: 51322-17626-SG

Author: Bingzhi Chen, Yikun Guo, Xiao Zhang, Ben Brock, Jessica Grailer

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Cooling water systems are commonly used to cool a process, either steam, gas or liquid, through heat exchangers or condensers in various plants. The heat exchangers or condensers can be corroded easily or have scale and biofilm growth due to the poor water treatment program. The corrosion, scale, and biofilm growth on heat exchangers can lead to significant reduction in heat exchanger efficiency and lifetime. The repair expense or loss of production often costs plants a few hundred thousand or millions of dollars per day for heavy industries, such as chemical and power plants, refineries, and steel mills. Thus, cooling water treatment is critical to maintain the integrity and efficiency of heat exchangers.

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Role Of Acetic Acid On The Kinetics And Mechanism Of Carbon Steel Dissolution Under CO2 Top Of Line Corrosion

Product Number: 51322-17818-SG

Author: Mariana Costa Folena, José Antônio da Cunha Ponciano Gomes, Frederick Pessu, Anne Neville, Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Top of line corrosion (TLC) is a specific corrosion mechanism observed in the oil and gas industry. This phenomena occurs under stratified or wet-gas flow regimes when the upper internal pipeline walls are sufficiently cooled (by heat transfer to the surrounding outer environment), promoting local condensation of water vapor. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and organic acids dissolving into the condensed water generate a change in the solution chemistry, ultimately influencing the corrosion kinetics of the contacting carbon steel.

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Role of Crack Tip Strain Rate on the Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Line Pipe Steel in Sour Environments

Product Number: 51317--9203-SG

ISBN: 9203 2017 CP

Author: Thodla Ramgopal

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Fatigue and fracture of line pipe steels in a sour inhibited environment is presented. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) was investigated as a function of frequency at several different K values at a pH of 3.5 and 0.21psia (0.00144MPa) H2S.

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Role of Grain Boundary Oxidation in Crack Initiation of Neutron-irradiated Stainless Steel

Product Number: ED22-17333-SG

Author: Srinivasan Swaminathan, Donghai Du, Gary S. Was

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) continues to be a major concern for the
structural integrity of core internals in both pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling water
reactor (BWRs). While factors such as stress, an irradiated microstructure and a high temperature
water environment are required for IASCC, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism
has become a subject of intense long-term research. In the last two decades, much progress has
been made in understanding IASCC susceptibility, though a clear cause-and-effect has yet to be
established on the mechanism of intergranular cracking in highly neutron irradiated stainless steels
in the PWR environment.

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Role of H2S In Localized Corrosion and Cracking of CRAs in Upstream Oil and Gas Applications

Product Number: 51317--9463-SG

ISBN: 9463 2017 CP

Author: Gareth Hinds

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Materials qualification testing of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) typically involves the use of simple pass/fail tests. Modification of existing standards is recommended for environments in which pit initiation is statistically improbable but pit propagation is rapid, e.g. low chloride/high H2S.

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Role of Hydrogen in Intergranular Corrosion of AA2024 Aluminium Alloy: An AFM-KFM Study

Product Number: 51317--9464-SG

ISBN: 9464 2017 CP

Author: Christine BLANC

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A powerful way to study hydrogen embrittlement at a local scale is by Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). This technique by measuring the surface potential at the nanometer scale allows the detection and localization of hydrogen in the alloy.

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Role of Material Condition on Precursor Corrosion Damage and Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation Behavior of Alloy 600 in PWR Primary Water

Product Number: 51320-14536-SG

Author: Ziqing Zhai, Mychailo Toloczko, Stephen Bruemmer

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Stress corrosion crack (SCC) initiation testing has been performed on a 15% cold-worked UNS N06600 (Alloy 600) heat in mill-annealed (MA), solution annealed (SA), and thermally treated (TT) conditions to assess the role of grain boundary (GB) carbides on stress-assisted intergranular attack (IGA) and short crack nucleation and growth. The SCC initiation tests were conducted at a constant load equivalent to the materials’ yield stress in 360oC simulated pressurized water reactor primary water. Results revealed the highest SCC initiation susceptibility occurred in the Alloy 600 MA material, followed by the TT and SA materials, suggesting that GB carbide distribution did not have a controlling effect on SCC initiation resistance. Quantitative assessments of IGA and short cracks were conducted to help understand this phenomenon, and the role of GB carbides in precursor damage development that leads to differences in macroscopic SCC initiation behavior are discussed.

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Role of Metallographic Characterization in Failure Analysis – Case Studies

Product Number: MPWT19-14379

Author: Syed Ahsan Ali

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Conducting a materials failure analysis requires a carefully planned series of steps intended to
arrive at the cause of the problem. Consistent with the current trend towards better accountability
and responsibility, failure analysis purpose has been extended in deciding which party may be
liable for losses, be they loss of production, property damage, injury, or fatality [1]. Hence it
increases the importance of proper implementation of characterization tools in failure analysis to
rightly identify the failure mode.
Present work discusses a few case studies to shed light upon the importance of the metallurgical
characterization tools and techniques in identification of correct failure mode. Some typical case
studies where metallography plays a very important role have been discussed, such as improper
welding joints which led to premature failure, sensitization and stress corrosion cracking in S.S.,
improper heat treatment and forging indicated the microstructures which led to the premature
failure. These cases are examples of only a few laboratory based investigations which justify that
without metallography it is not possible to diagnose the causes of premature failures.
Generally, examination of failed components commence with the low-power stereomicroscope
whereas hand-held magnifying lenses are still in wide use by experts to study fractures mostly
limited now for field purpose [2]. Metallographic examination typically is performed after nondestructive
and macroscopic examination procedures while using the light optical microscopy
which helps to assess the failure mode with respect to material defects, shortcomings in
processing, metallurgical changes etc. Since light optical microscopy has limited value for direct
observation of fracture surfaces (more limited for metals than non-metals), with still more factual
information can be gathered by scanning electron microscopy at higher magnification.

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Role of Non-Metallic Inclusions and the Microstructure Constituents on HIC Performance

Product Number: MPWT19-14439

Author: Amro Al-Hattab1,Diaa Elsanosy2, Gaurav Tomer3, Abdullah Al-Jarbou4

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

With increasing oil & gas demand and depletion of sweet reserves, oil & gas companies in the regional
economies are focusing towards the exploitation of sour resources. This necessitates the use of pipelines
and down-hole tubing made from special steels with significant resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking
(HIC). These steels are produced through specific technologies for enhanced chemical composition control
and microstructural engineering to incorporate the required strength, weld ability and improved HIC
resistance. It is well established that the HIC initiates at sites with microstructural heterogeneities whether
due to presence of gross nonmetallic inclusions or the micro-structural constituents. The presence of central
segregation further aggravates the conditions particularly when the final pipe sizes require the longitudinal
slitting of the coils. Presence of non-metallic inclusions in the steel makes it vulnerable to hydrogen-induced
cracking under wet H2S environment. The mechanism of HIC begins with the generation of hydrogen atoms
by corrosion reaction of H2S and Fe in the presence of free water. The hydrogen atoms then diffuse into
steel and accumulate around the inclusions. The higher number of inclusions equates to the more sites
available for hydrogen adsorption. Recombination of hydrogen atoms to H2 molecules builds up a heavy
gas pressure in the interface between matrix and inclusions. Cracking initiates because of the tensile stress
field caused by hydrogen gas pressure and crack propagates in the surrounding steel matrix. The
longitudinal slitting exposes the internal microstructural abnormalities to the skelp edges which are then
incorporated in the thermally stressed weld zone. While the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) mostly
homogenizes the weld zone microstructure, the presence of excessive central line features cannot be
completely removed thereby making this zone more prone to HIC attack

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance