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Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous salts such as silica, metal silicates,coprecipitated silica with mineral salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc.,is a serious challenge facing the technologists in the efficient operation of industrialsystems. Severe fouling at times results in premature expensive equipment replacement,early shutdown, increase in operating pressure of pumps, and enhance the probability ofcorrosion damage. In many cases, the removal of foulants leads to discontinuousoperation of the system, resulting in higher operating costs. In geothermal applications,siliceous scale typically occurs when brine is cooled in the course of brine handling andenergy extraction.
Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous materials in industrial water systems is aproblem associated with high silica laden waters. The complexity of siliceous depositsformation stems from the limited solubility of amorphous silica and metal silicates. Onceformed, these deposits are difficult to remove and often requires the use of chemicaland/or mechanical approaches. This paper presents mechanisms of siliceous depositsformation and reviews various approaches attempted to control these deposits inindustrial systems. Comparative performance data on a variety of polymeric, nonpolymeric,and formulated products as siliceous deposit control agents are presented.Additionally, information on morphology of various siliceous deposits formed is discussed.
13Cr-5Ni-2Mo type Super Martensitic stainless steels referred to as SMSS-13Cr type grades can provide good general corrosion resistance such as in high CO2 environments combined with higher strengths and excellent toughness2 making them a prospective material choice for long term downhole completion equipment depending on actual well conditions. One of the main limiting factors for the use of SMSS-13Cr type grades is the Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) resistance in presence of H2S in downhole well conditions. Therefore, a good understanding of this behavior is essential to facilitate the material selection process.
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Reviewing literature related to corrosion research brings to light the importance of understanding the mechanisms involved, and how this is essential to aid in development of mathematical models for corrosion prediction. The current research documents possible mechanisms for the dissolution of pure iron in strong acid in a potential range in the potential range of ±50 mV vs. OCP, providing explanations for corrosion engineers and researchers working with mild steel. Prediction of corrosion rate relies on the precise understanding of the anodic and cathodic processes at the metal surface in the potential range close to the OCP.
This paper will identify the potential causes of pipe coating failure, from the design angles to the soil types, to the fracture methods of rocks, and pull forces. It will present a logical method for evaluating the condition of an HDD pull prior to its installation so that the right level of coating protection may be applied. The pipelines that carry our world's energy and industrial networks are a vital lifeblood of our society. HDD’s play such an integral part in keeping all aspects of the pipeline and its construction running smoothly, the aim here it to ensure there are no hiccups along the way.