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Corrosion is a major concern for all materials during their service lives. In particular, salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) are known to promote corrosion and detrimentally affect coating performance. Understanding how NaCl affects water uptake into a film and its interactions with corrosion-inhibiting pigments is important for developing the next generation of anticorrosive coatings.
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Fossil fuel is still the main source of energy, despite ongoing attempts to replace it with renewable sources. Nowadays, the easily accessible fossil energy is depleting significantly onshore; and since the need for this source of energy remains, the extraction of oil and gas from subsea is increasing. Unbounded flexible pipes are largely employed for extracting oil and gas from subsea fields as well as for CO2 reinjection into the oil wells to enhance their efficiency.
Austenitic stainless-steel alloys are widely used as structural components in light water reactors (LWR) coolant systems, due to their passivity in high temperature water solutions. After initial passivation, subsequent development and dissolution rates of the protective film are very low. Nevertheless, metal cations and colloidal particles that are generated by superficial corrosion of structural materials, can be activated and generate radioactive isotopes that are responsible for radiation source as they circulate through the reactor core. Specifically, the radioactive 60Co, generated by neutron activation of the inactive 59Co (constituent of the naturally occurring Co), releases high-energy γ rays with a half-life of 5.3 years and is the main radiation source in boiling water reactor plants. Mitigating the incorporation of 60Co into stainless-steel oxide depends on understanding the phenomenon of oxide growth and development as afunction of the water chemistry employed, which involves thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.
Modified 13Cr (UNS S41426) (M13Cr) are advantageous as components for wellbores in oil and gas upstream units due to their high strength capabilities and tremendous corrosion resistance in sweet environments with minimal H2S levels. However, previous studies speculate disparities between an overestimation in the application limits for the 110 ksi grade material. Previous experimental results associate this to microstructural differences from varying heat treatments. The proprietary procedures used to manufacture, emphasize a lack of quality control among suppliers.
Case study: A Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage facility in northern Alberta, Canada is examined as it experienced two very similar failures in heat exchanger tubes within 2 years of each other due to a boiler feedwater tank without a nitrogen blanket and a low flow condition.
The wastewater industry embraces “going green” but it is not just about the latest and greatest VOC compliant products on the market. Green starts with advanced coatings technology and the knowledge and support of the industry professionals from design to completion and beyond.
The utilization of volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) in dry packaging scenarios have become ubiquitous throughout industry for the protection of metal parts during shipping and storage. Initial protective packaging applications of VCIs involved coated paper which was used to wrap or interleave metal parts for transportation and/or storage. This type of wrapping evolved into film packaging where the inhibitors were extruded into film.
This paper summarizes the problems encountered by manufacturers and end-users relying on the available standards for materials and performance tests for zinc-rich coatings in today’s industry and presents some suggestions for improving them. The reasons and the need for developing new and only performance based specifications are also explained.
By organizing and defining the finishes and solvents, wood finishing becomes much easier to understand. This paper deals first with the finishes and then with the solvents.
With TBT banned and legislation restricting the use of copper and other biocides tightening up, the best approach is a hard, inert long-lasting coating combined with routine in water cleaning.