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Picture for Under Deposit Corrosion of API X-65 Carbon Steel in the Presence of Acid Gases
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Under Deposit Corrosion of API X-65 Carbon Steel in the Presence of Acid Gases

Product Number: 51319-13044-SG
Author: Suresh Divi
Publication Date: 2019
$20.00

Deposits can play an important role in the corrosion rate and morphology of carbon steel in a production environment as well as affect the efficacy of an inhibitor. A test method has been developed to investigate the corrosion characteristics of carbon steel in a stratified flow regime where deposits of solids accumulate in the bottom of a pipeline.Previous testing showed higher under deposit corrosion rates of API X-65 carbon steel when the deposit consists of iron sulfide (FeS) versus sand in a 100%H 2 S environment. There is a needto investigate the effect of CO2 on these findings as the lower pH should affect the corrosion rate morphology and galvanic action particularly with respect to the FeS deposits.This paper presents the effect of mixed gases (50%H 2 S + 50%CO2 ) on corrosion behavior of API X-65 carbon steel coupons in the FeS and sand deposits. The average corrosion rate thickness loss of the coupons and pitting at the solid/liquid interface will be presented.Keywords: Under deposit corrosion Iron sulfide (FeS) sand mill scale acid gases
Picture for Underdeposit Corr. of Fractionator OVHD Exchangers in Crude Distillation Unit and Remedial Measures
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Underdeposit Corr. of Fractionator OVHD Exchangers in Crude Distillation Unit and Remedial Measures

Product Number: 51313-02225-SG
ISBN: 02225 2013 CP
Author: Faisal Al-Refai
Publication Date: 2013
$20.00
Picture for Under-Deposit Corrosion in a Sub-Sea Water Injection Pipeline—A Case Study
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Under-Deposit Corrosion in a Sub-Sea Water Injection Pipeline—A Case Study

Product Number: 51317--8973-SG
ISBN: 8973 2017 CP
Author: Pavan Shukla
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

This paper pertains to a study of an API 5L X-60, Carbon steel, injection water pipeline, which failed prematurely in 4 years after commissioning due to under-deposit corrosion. A detailed study was carried out to investigate the failure causes.

 
Picture for Underground AC Power Transmission Line Feasibility Study
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Underground AC Power Transmission Line Feasibility Study

Product Number: 51319-13034-SG
Author: Matthew Lechelt
Publication Date: 2019
$20.00

Alternating Current (AC) interference affects pipelines collocated near high voltage transmission lines. While overhead high voltage AC transmission line collocations are common underground high voltage AC transmission line collocations while less common can cause similar interference effects on pipelines. This paper describes a feasibility evaluation of a proposedunderground transmission line route in the United Kingdom affecting a nearby pipeline. The proposed transmission line was to consist of either three 220 kV circuits or six 132 kV circuits; both cases were evaluated. The proposed transmission line phase cables were to be installed with concentric sheath conductors direct buried in a close trefoil configuration and bonded to underground splice boxes at various locations. In addition to the proposed transmission line route the project evaluated a set of base cases: a typical pipeline paralleling at varying offsets for various lengths under a variety of operating conditions and a typical pipeline crossing scenario. The effect of soil resistivity on the interference levels experienced by the pipeline was considered. The feasibility study assessed the expected steady state fault state and AC corrosion effects that the proposed transmission line could have on any nearby pipelines. Results for all cases and scenarios will be discussed.Key words: AC interference case study underground AC power transmission pipeline integrity
Understanding Adhesion Test Data - The Importanceof Round Robin Evaluations
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Understanding Adhesion Test Data - The Importanceof Round Robin Evaluations

Product Number: 41208-455-SG
Author: Lloyd Smith, J. Peter Ault
Publication Date: 2008
$20.00

Current ASTM standards require a statement of precision and bias as part of the standard test method. This statement allows a user to properly interpret results obtained by a competent operator. Development of these statements typically involves an interlaboratory study, commonly referred to as a round-robin test.  
Picture for Understanding Alkalinity for Use in Corrosion Prediction
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Understanding Alkalinity for Use in Corrosion Prediction

Product Number: 51324-21064-SG
Author: Bruce Brown; Yougui Zheng; Jason Dreher; Marc Singer
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Parameters reported in production fluid water chemistry analyses are used by engineers for determination of scaling tendency and corrosivity, thus promoting optimal production rates while maintaining asset integrity. Water chemistry analysis documents report ion concentrations, total alkalinity, and various graphical data sets related to the tested brine which are designed to assist field engineers. The alkalinity value provided in these documents is of utmost importance to corrosion engineers as it is a measure of the capacity of an aqueous solution to resist changes in acidification. Alkalinity can also be directly linked to the in situ pH of the produced brine and can therefore provide key inputs to assess and predict its corrosivity. Yet, including alkalinity into corrosion production models can be challenging considering there is still much uncertainty among operators about the validity and meaning of the reported alkalinity value. For that reason, recent publications (two AMPP standards) have focused on providing additional guidelines to those who need this knowledge. This is of key importance for the optimization of appropriate and economic corrosion and scaling mitigation strategies. This paper will review the use of the alkalinity term and water chemistry analysis with goals of minimizing confusion and optimizing the use of proper data input for corrosion prediction models.
Picture for Understanding and Addressing the Challenges of Assessing the Corrosion Fatigue of Metallic Materials
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Understanding and Addressing the Challenges of Assessing the Corrosion Fatigue of Metallic Materials

Product Number: 51317--8918-SG
ISBN: 8918 2017 CP
Author: Christopher Engler
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

How the selection of testing parameters affects the corrosion fatigue reststance of structural materials typically used in drilling equipment. Results obtained using the developed test methodology are compared with traditional testing such as high-chloride acidified solution
Picture for Understanding Atmospheric Corrosion Damage On An Aircraft Representative Galvanic Specimen: A Two-Pronged Approach That Combines Modeling With Experimental Measurement
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Understanding Atmospheric Corrosion Damage On An Aircraft Representative Galvanic Specimen: A Two-Pronged Approach That Combines Modeling With Experimental Measurement

Product Number: 51322-17638-SG
Author: Thomas Curtin, Robert Adey, Andres Peratta
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Aircraft representative galvanic test articles and witness coupons were placed out for atmospheric exposure testing at the U.S. Naval Research Lab (NRL) site in Key West, Florida. One set of test specimens was exposed to only ambient environment for a 62 day period; a second set of test specimens was exposed to both ambient environment (initial 62 days), and a short duration, twice daily, seawater spray protocol over a further 55 day period. Environmental loading was monitored using sensors that measured temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and time of wetness (TOW), at 30 minute intervals. Following retrieval, the test articles were inspected in the laboratory using laser profilometry to characterize the spatial distribution and depth of corrosion damage. Mass loss measurement using the witness coupons was used to estimate relative corrosion rates for the two periods.
Picture for Understanding Carbon Steel Corrosion and Inhibition in Deep Pit-Like Features Under Thick Deposit Layers
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Understanding Carbon Steel Corrosion and Inhibition in Deep Pit-Like Features Under Thick Deposit Layers

Product Number: 51323-19284-SG
Author: Raeesa Bhamji, Frederick Pessu, Joshua Owen, Richard Barker
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Corrosion of carbon steel is the most prominent reason for pipeline failure in a range of industries, from oil and gas transportation to water treatment facilities and nuclear waste storage. Under-deposit corrosion occurs in low fluid flow rate environments, when particulate matter (such as sand and clay) settles on the bottom of transportation pipelines. The presence of deposits results in a diffusion barrier, which significantly alters interfacial solution chemistry compared with that of the bulk.
Understanding Concrete Crack Repair: Simplifying the Complex Matrix of Solutions
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Understanding Concrete Crack Repair: Simplifying the Complex Matrix of Solutions

Product Number: 51217-031-SG
Author: Warren Brand
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

Understanding when and how to repair, or not repair, cracks in concrete is of fundamental importance to all corrosion mitigation and coating professionals.
Picture for Understanding Effect Of Scribe Method On Variability In Accelerated Corrosion Test Results
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Understanding Effect Of Scribe Method On Variability In Accelerated Corrosion Test Results

Product Number: 51322-17897-SG
Author: Sarah Specht
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The coatings industry has made widespread use of a variety of accelerated test methods to quickly and effectively evaluate coating performance. Such accelerated methods are advantageous for predicting coating system performance where real-time testing is impractical. For example, it is not practical to evaluate coatings in harsh environments where coatings are expected to last for decades when the pace of innovation and new coating development is faster than the test time would need to be. Therefore a variety of test methods exist to evaluate coatings on metal substrates, such as steel or aluminum. Coatings that will be subjected to corrosive environments require testing in environments to simulate the effects of corrosion, typically involving exposure to moderate salt concentration and elevated temperatures for a specified amount of time. Such tests, testing environments, and evaluation methods include ASTM B117,ISO 9227, and ISO 12944, to name a few.
Picture for Understanding Effective Corrosion Inhibitor Performance For Oil Pipeline Transport Using Innovative Residual Analysis Techniques
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Understanding Effective Corrosion Inhibitor Performance For Oil Pipeline Transport Using Innovative Residual Analysis Techniques

Product Number: 51321-16752-SG
Author: Peng Jin; Shujun Gao; Sankaran Murugesan; Sunder Ramachandran; Zhengwei Liu; Tracey Jackson; Lei Huang
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
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