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This paper pertains to a study of an API 5L X-60, Carbon steel, injection water pipeline, which failed prematurely in 4 years after commissioning due to under-deposit corrosion. A detailed study was carried out to investigate the failure causes.
Alternating Current (AC) interference affects pipelines collocated near high voltage transmission lines. While overhead high voltage AC transmission line collocations are common underground high voltage AC transmission line collocations while less common can cause similar interference effects on pipelines. This paper describes a feasibility evaluation of a proposedunderground transmission line route in the United Kingdom affecting a nearby pipeline. The proposed transmission line was to consist of either three 220 kV circuits or six 132 kV circuits; both cases were evaluated. The proposed transmission line phase cables were to be installed with concentric sheath conductors direct buried in a close trefoil configuration and bonded to underground splice boxes at various locations. In addition to the proposed transmission line route the project evaluated a set of base cases: a typical pipeline paralleling at varying offsets for various lengths under a variety of operating conditions and a typical pipeline crossing scenario. The effect of soil resistivity on the interference levels experienced by the pipeline was considered. The feasibility study assessed the expected steady state fault state and AC corrosion effects that the proposed transmission line could have on any nearby pipelines. Results for all cases and scenarios will be discussed.Key words: AC interference case study underground AC power transmission pipeline integrity
Current ASTM standards require a statement of precision and bias as part of the standard test method. This statement allows a user to properly interpret results obtained by a competent operator. Development of these statements typically involves an interlaboratory study, commonly referred to as a round-robin test.
How the selection of testing parameters affects the corrosion fatigue reststance of structural materials typically used in drilling equipment. Results obtained using the developed test methodology are compared with traditional testing such as high-chloride acidified solution
Aircraft representative galvanic test articles and witness coupons were placed out for atmospheric exposure testing at the U.S. Naval Research Lab (NRL) site in Key West, Florida. One set of test specimens was exposed to only ambient environment for a 62 day period; a second set of test specimens was exposed to both ambient environment (initial 62 days), and a short duration, twice daily, seawater spray protocol over a further 55 day period. Environmental loading was monitored using sensors that measured temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and time of wetness (TOW), at 30 minute intervals. Following retrieval, the test articles were inspected in the laboratory using laser profilometry to characterize the spatial distribution and depth of corrosion damage. Mass loss measurement using the witness coupons was used to estimate relative corrosion rates for the two periods.
Corrosion of carbon steel is the most prominent reason for pipeline failure in a range of industries, from oil and gas transportation to water treatment facilities and nuclear waste storage. Under-deposit corrosion occurs in low fluid flow rate environments, when particulate matter (such as sand and clay) settles on the bottom of transportation pipelines. The presence of deposits results in a diffusion barrier, which significantly alters interfacial solution chemistry compared with that of the bulk.
Understanding when and how to repair, or not repair, cracks in concrete is of fundamental importance to all corrosion mitigation and coating professionals.
The coatings industry has made widespread use of a variety of accelerated test methods to quickly and effectively evaluate coating performance. Such accelerated methods are advantageous for predicting coating system performance where real-time testing is impractical. For example, it is not practical to evaluate coatings in harsh environments where coatings are expected to last for decades when the pace of innovation and new coating development is faster than the test time would need to be. Therefore a variety of test methods exist to evaluate coatings on metal substrates, such as steel or aluminum. Coatings that will be subjected to corrosive environments require testing in environments to simulate the effects of corrosion, typically involving exposure to moderate salt concentration and elevated temperatures for a specified amount of time. Such tests, testing environments, and evaluation methods include ASTM B117,ISO 9227, and ISO 12944, to name a few.
Since 2002, a corrosion inhibiting chemistry package has been an integral part of two specific industrial insulations. This paper explains, at a molecular level, how this package engages a two-pronged defense (physical coating and pH buffering) against CUI.