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Then design professionals, or prospective users of polymeric flooring and coating systems review product data sheets, they rely largely on reported test values to make decision as to the appropriateness of a particular product. They review physical strength characteristics such compressive and tensile strength to make a determination if a particular product possesses the required properties to provide the intended service on a project.
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Scale is an adherent deposit of inorganic compounds precipitated from water onto surfaces. Most oilfield waters contain certain amounts of dissolved calcium, barium or strontium salts. The mineral scale can be formed by chemical reactions in the formation water itself, by mixing of formation water with injected seawater, or by mixing of the well streams of two incompatible oilfield waters. In carbonate reservoirs, when calcium is deposited as calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate scale, a loss of production and increased maintenance expenses can result. Therefore, effective mitigation of scaling potential is of importance to the oil producers.
Coiled tubing is a long (sometimes more than 25000 feet) electrical resistance welded pipes that is uncoiled for the deployment of oil and gas wells to perform a variety of jobs that involve subjecting the pipe to high pressure, axial loads, and contact with acidification, and production environments among others. Since the pipe is coiled and deployed multiple times for different jobs during its lifespan, it is typically plastically deformed and fatigued.This paper discusses the challenges of improving the performance of this welded pipe base material, as well as its multiple welds, when facing an inhibition failure that could cause exposure to corrosive and/or embrittlement environments.The product development process resulted in the complete modification of steel chemistry, its welding procedures and heat treatment process. The testing program includes, among other tests, the exposure of the pipe to different environments, followed by fatigue testing to determine the remaining material resistance after such exposure.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines abrasive blasting as “using compressed air or water to direct a high-velocity stream of an abrasive material to clean an object or surface, remove burrs, apply a texture or prepare a surface for the application of paint or other type of coating.” OSHA regulations governing General Industry, Construction, and Shipyards mandate the use of abrasive-blast respirators approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Blast respirators are Type-CE supplied-air respirators, commonly known as “blast helmets.” This article will review and explain the components and the requirements pertaining to the use of these respirators.
In the current study, in-situ measurements were used to deconstruct the testing environment of dry-bottom (DB) ASTM G85-A2 to provide an understanding of what makes this test successful when others are not.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a persistent problem for many oil and gas production operations. Carbon steel pipelines are particularly susceptible to biofilm formation by microorganisms which consequently threatens the integrity of these lines. Although MIC within pipelines is challenging to mitigate it is generally accepted that pigging a mechanical cleaning process that removes water oil scales and solids from the pipeline surface is an effective method to control biofilm formation. However not all pipelines can be effectively pigged to counter biofilm development. In many cases partially removed or unremoved biofilms are exposed to continuously injected film-forming corrosion inhibitors (CI) which are used to mitigate acid gas corrosion in pipelines.To date the individual and combined effects of pigging and CI injection on biofilm formation and subsequent corrosion has not been well-studied.To this end corrosive consortia consisting of sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea were grown as biofilms on carbon steel coupons under defined laboratory conditions. Biofilms were grown for a period of 3 weeks in order to establish base (unmitigated) MIC rates. Once biofilms were established the coupons were exposed to one of the following corrosion mitigation treatments: (1) simulated pigging using a wire brush (2) exposure to a CI-containing medium or (3) a combination of both. Biofilms were incubated for an additional 6 weeks following these treatments to allow for biofilm regrowth. The impact of these treatments on the resulting MIC rates was evaluated by comparing the weight loss corrosion rates and localized pitting corrosion of the carbon steel coupons. Additionally qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to enumerate and identify the different corrosive microbial communities that developed on the coupons following the different treatments. Fundamentally different effects of corrosion inhibitors on MIC were observed depending on whether these chemicals were applied to a pre-formed biofilm or to mechanically cleaned steel surfaces.
SCC of Ni-base filler metal (FM) 82 has been reported in the nozzles and other components in Light Water Reactors (LWRs). The typical characteristics of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ni-base alloys are a long incubation time followed by slow propagation, which can suddenly transition to fast propagation. Whilst there has been considerable effort expended to develop an SCC mechanism that can explain and predict SCC in Alloy 600, fewer studies have investigated SCC of FM 82. The Preferential Intergranular Oxidation (PIO) SCC mechanism of Alloy 600 proposed by Bertali et al. which is an evolution of the Selective Internal Oxidation SCC mechanism proposed by Scott and Le Calvar is considered one of the most representative primary water SCC mechanisms for Alloy 600.
Corrosion is a major concern for all materials during their service lives. In particular, salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) are known to promote corrosion and detrimentally affect coating performance. Understanding how NaCl affects water uptake into a film and its interactions with corrosion-inhibiting pigments is important for developing the next generation of anticorrosive coatings.