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An investigation was carried out to study and compare the cavitation erosion behavior of a non-metallic fiber glass reinforced epoxy system and a metallic nodular cast iron (UNS F32800) alloy utilizing an ultrasonically induced cavitation facility in seawater. The cavitation tests were made at a frequency of 20 KHz as per ASTM-G30-90 and at a temperature of 250C. the cavitation action increased the rate of mass loss of both the fiber glass reinforced epoxy and that of the UNS F32800 by several orders of magnitude with respect to stagnant conditions. Cavitation also made the surfaces of the fiber glass reinforced epoxy and UNS F32800 very rough exhibiting large cavity pit in the region of the attacked area as revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The main mechanisms of failure for the fiber glass epoxy system was due to loss of adhesion of the matrix / fiber glass interface and subsequent removal of the resin as well as glass fibers by the mechanical action of cavitation. However the failure of UNS F32800 was due to severe plastic deformation and the fragmentation of the graphite nodules . Mechanical factors and surface defects were determined to be the leading cause of resin and glass fiber loss for the epoxy system and micro-galvanic activities between the ferrite matrix and graphite nodules for the UNS F32800.
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The USMC CPAC Program provides a holistic approach to corrosion engineering on ground vehicles. This starts with the acquisition of a new system, where CPAC will work with the Program Manager (PM) to develop the contractual requirements for corrosion prevention and aid in the evaluation and verification of an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) to meeting those requirements.
Looking at martensitic stainless steels (MSS) NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 lists six tables with different H2S acceptance levels. Generic Table A.18 lists several MSS with a maximum allowable partial pressure H2S of 0.1 bar whilst equipment specific Table A.23 (Wellhead and tree components and valve and choke components) shows no restrictions when it comes to partial pressure H2S.To substantiate the applicability of Table A.23 a study was performed to evaluate environmentally-assisted cracking resistance of cast alloy CA6NM (UNS J91540) in highly sour environments (Level VII) and the implications of the findings on the usage of CA6NM as pressure containing valve bodies in wellheads.After that a ballot (no. 2013-03) was written to clarify the scope of Table A.23 and limit the use of cast alloy CA6NM (UNS J91540) based on applied in situ stress. An additional note was incorporated for UNS J91540; "Low-carbon martensitic stainless steel J91540; the maximum design tensile stress shall not exceed 2/3 specified minimum yield strength or 345 MPa (50 ksi) whichever is less." The presentation will include field history a historic perspective of NACE MR0175 results of NACE level VII tests the ballot process including an FEA study to simulate stress distribution in valves for wellhead equipment.
In November 2004 ISO 19840 was published to provide a consistent method for the measurement of coatings applied to structural steel for corrosion prevention. This new standard includes methods for the adjustment of gauges to take account of surface roughness, the designation of inspection areas and the use of acceptance criteria.
Protective coatings are ubiquitous on offshore oil structures. As with most situations, the use of coatings is driven by myriad factors unique to the industry. The paper will provide an overview of the types of structures, the coatings used in different zones of the structures, and the pragmatic and regulatory criteria which influence the coating process.
This paper will focus on the use of composites to repair and protect piping in the facility environments. Composites as a preventative option for location of soil-to-air interfaces and pipe support locations and the ability of composites to repair bends and restore the structural integrity of the facility piping will be discussed. Testing and currently in use examples will be used to show the benefit of composites in facility integrity systems, including the ability to keep the facility safe while avoiding a costly shutdown
Designed by renowned architect Cass Gilbert, the West Virginia State Capitol is undergoing its first comprehensive exterior rehabilitation since it was completed in 1932. Deterioration at this building can be traced to either poor original surface preparation or inappropriate and insufficient previous maintenance. This presentation will focus on the use of contemporary painted coatings to restore the gilded sheet metal dome and the polychromatic terra cotta cornices.
This paper will discuss common coating failures seen in water storage tanks and discuss how these failures can be addressed by the use of OAP coatings designed for potable water service.
Employers understand that safety is one of the most important ingredients to a successful business. However, providing a safe workplace and ensuring a safe and environmentally-sound environment is complex. Navigating the course to fool-proof safety can be mind-boggling.