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The use of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) in Quality Control of Electroplated and Baked High-Strength Steels

Picture for 11290 The use of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) in Quality Control
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Product Number: 51300-11290-SG
ISBN: 2011 11290 CP
Author: Noam Eliaz, Elizabeta Kossoy and Gil Shemesh
Publication Date: 2011
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Hydrogen absorption during electroplating might result in hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of the substrate metal. Heat treatment ("baking") is commonly employed "in order to render the normally mobile hydrogen immobile". The objective of this work was to develop a sensitive analytical procedure using dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) that would allow identification of improper baking during quality control. In all non-baked samples of AISI 4340 steel coated with cadmium, an increase in the hydrogen signal was found at the Cd/steel interface. In baked samples, either a peak was not observed at the interface, or it was found insignificant based on determination of the ratios between the hydrogen signals within the coating, interface and substrate. The results were reproduced after 16 months storage in a desiccator. The main effect of baking was found to be effusion of hydrogen from the interface and the substrate steel into the atmosphere. HE-related delayed failures may thus be explained in terms of a time-independent reservoir of hydrogen at the coating/substrate interface, rather than in terms of irreversible damage that occurred within the substrate during electroplating. These findings contradict some of the statements in textbooks and international standards.

Keywords: Electroplating, baking, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen trapping, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), high-strength steels, cadmium coating, quality control, delayed failure.
Hydrogen absorption during electroplating might result in hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of the substrate metal. Heat treatment ("baking") is commonly employed "in order to render the normally mobile hydrogen immobile". The objective of this work was to develop a sensitive analytical procedure using dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) that would allow identification of improper baking during quality control. In all non-baked samples of AISI 4340 steel coated with cadmium, an increase in the hydrogen signal was found at the Cd/steel interface. In baked samples, either a peak was not observed at the interface, or it was found insignificant based on determination of the ratios between the hydrogen signals within the coating, interface and substrate. The results were reproduced after 16 months storage in a desiccator. The main effect of baking was found to be effusion of hydrogen from the interface and the substrate steel into the atmosphere. HE-related delayed failures may thus be explained in terms of a time-independent reservoir of hydrogen at the coating/substrate interface, rather than in terms of irreversible damage that occurred within the substrate during electroplating. These findings contradict some of the statements in textbooks and international standards.

Keywords: Electroplating, baking, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen trapping, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), high-strength steels, cadmium coating, quality control, delayed failure.
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