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Impact of H2S Souring on PDO Facilities Materials of Construction

Product Number: MECC23-20044-SG

Author: Hajir Al Huraizi; Ibrahim Al Azri

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Recent fluid analysis in PDO North Stations have indicated increase in H2S content. In view of this, asset team requested to assess the impact on the Materials of Construction (MoC) of the on-plot facility and identify other H2S limits (e.g., crude and gas exports). Given the unpredictable nature of Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) and Stress Corrosion cracking (SCC), it is not possible to estimate remnant life or time to failure as this form of degradation is more dependent on process conditions.

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Impact of Impurities on the Corrosion of CO2 Dense Phase Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: MECC23-20236-SG

Author: Mohammed Yousif, Ayman Musaad, Usman Ali, Ali Alhajeri, Faisal M Al-Abbas

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A dense phase or supercritical CO2 pipeline is a crucial state in the oil and gas sector, particularly when it comes to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS)1. The process of CCS involves three stages: capture from sources (e.g., cement factories and power plants), transportation process, and storage. Generally, these pipelines carry CO2 from different industrial facilities to geological formations.

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Impact Of Maintenance Activities On Future Integrity Of Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-17504-SG

Author: Haralampos Tsaprailis, Jiajun Liang, Mike Hill

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Transmission pipeline companies utilize successive ILI tool runs to identify, size, and determine the corrosion growth rate (CGR) of pipeline features that may be detrimental to the operation of the pipeline [1, 2]. The importance of back-to-back ILI tool runs in monitoring and maintaining the safe operation of a pipeline is further supported by the methodologies’ incorporation by US regulators for high consequence areas. The calculated CGR from the ILI tool runs is used to determine maintenance digs required to mitigate the identified features prior to the next scheduled re-inspection interval.

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Impact Of Material Properties Of Thick-Wall X65 TMCP Plate Steel For Sour Service

Product Number: 51322-17917-SG

Author: Thomas Haase, Christoph Bosch, Matthias Frommert, Markus Schürmann, Alexander Voelling, Sven Casper

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Low-alloy steel of API⁽¹⁾ 5L grade X65 is commonly used as line pipe material for sour service applications, where, due to stringent operation limits, resistivity to Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) and Stress-Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC) is required and tested before and after plate into pipe forming. Within recent years more challenging requirements have been introduced, including more severe corrosion test conditions, increased mechanical properties and extended limitations regarding hardness, to enable application to increasingly severe sour service conditions. For steel plants and plate manufacturers this entails the necessity to further improve the quality of their products together with separate improvements and modifications on the production plants and processes that have been implemented anyway.

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Impact of Multiphase Flow on the Inhibition of Carbonate Scale Deposition.

Product Number: 51323-19425-SG

Author: Olujide Sanni, Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The crystallization of sparingly soluble salt in multiphase system, involving mixing between oil and water fractions, is one of the major challenges encountered by the petroleum industry. The kinetics of scale formation in the bulk of the fluid in the presence of the oil phase is very important and has received little attention. Most of the studies that focused on dealing with the challenges of scale formation in the oil and gas industry have been directed towards the understanding, predictions and treatment based on results from single phase brine solution.

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Impact of Power System Design and Operating Conditions for AC Interference on Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20926-SG

Author: Majid Siahrang; Kurt Bell; David Lewis

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Power system design and operating conditions have strong impacts on the AC interference levels on pipelines in joint-use corridors. Engineers analyzing the AC interference must understand when certain design and operating parameters are significant factors to the accuracy of the analysis. This paper discusses the impact of several transmission line design parameters including transmission structure design, phasing configuration, shielding design and parameters, line loadings, load unbalance, fault contribution, and more factors that affect recipient pipelines’ voltage in joint-use corridors. As each corridor has unique characteristics, understanding the significance of each power system variable promotes coordination between industries.

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Impact Of Preservation Method, Storage Temperature, And Processing Time On Microbiological Community Shift In Solid Samples Collected From Crude Oil Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-18009-SG

Author: Mohita Sharma, Nicole Taylor, Lisa Gieg, Trevor Place, Yin Shen, Danika Nicoletti, Jennifer Sargent

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Robust integrity management plans are critical for ensuring the lifespan and preventing failures of manmade infrastructure, including the metal (carbon steel) infrastructure that dominates the oil and gas industry. In this sector and others, many types of corrosion can occur on metal infrastructure, including corrosion that involves the participation of microorganisms, commonly referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion, or MIC. MIC can be difficult to diagnose as the cause of a given infrastructure failure because it is not a stand-alone mechanism – the physical and chemical properties of a system can influence the types of microorganisms that are present and active, while the metabolisms of these microorganisms can influence the surrounding chemistry and physical properties of a system.

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Impact of Test Method on Sulfide Stress Cracking Fracture Toughness

Product Number: 51323-19118-SG

Author: Florian Thebault, Christelle Gomes, Daniela Garcia

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

When dealing with the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) of Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) as casings and tubings, two main approaches are: either the determination of the threshold stress on a smooth tensile specimen (NACE TM0177 Method A) or the fracture toughness KISSC on a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen (NACE TM0177 Method D).
Relevance of KISSC for predicting the behavior of real pipes in service has been assessed in the frame of API PRAC project Phase II.1 Hollow tensile specimens sampled in the wall of sour service seamless pipes were exposed to sour environments either on Inner Diameter (ID), Outer Diameter (OD) or both and subjected to a tensile loading (see also references

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Impact of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VPCI) to Mitigate Corrosion in Refinery Overhead Systems

Product Number: 51324-21227-SG

Author: Pradeep Lakshmanappa; Amutha Nagarajan; Indrajyoti Mukherjee; Sathees Kesavan; Hitesh Bagaria

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion in crude distillation unit overhead lines is primarily caused by hydrochloric acid at the dew point. Various other contaminants including air, organic acids, H2S, NH3, tramp amines, HCN, mercaptans, phenols, etc. also play a role in overhead corrosion. Mitigation strategies include process solutions such as wash water systems and temperature control, and chemical solutions including amine-based neutralizers and film-forming inhibitors. Despite implementing these strategies, corrosion is invariably observed in the overhead system. Conventional “non-volatile” filmers rely on free liquid to cover the metallurgy. However, the complex nature of overhead geometry and fluid flow make complete metal coverage challenging. This necessitates a different strategy to achieve protection. Here, we present a first of its kind Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor (VPCI) for protecting overhead systems. Several VPCI candidates were studied in the lab for performance, volatility, and risks (emulsification, pentane solubility, amine salt fouling, thermal stability). Promising VPCI was field trialed in several refineries.

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Implementation of Pulsed Laser Ablation Technology in Surface Preparation Processes

Product Number: 51324-20982-SG

Author: Matt Binsfield

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The transition of pulsed laser ablation (PLA) technology into the hands of maintainers within shipyards and the transportation industry requires an assessment of multiple factors. From the technical perspective relative to surface preparation and corrosion mitigation, it is essential to understand the impact of PLA energy into substrates and the resultant adhesion characteristics of subsequent coatings. Technical areas to be discussed include metallurgical properties, such as stress corrosion cracking, weldability, bulk properties, fatigue life, as well as adhesion. The effective application of laser ablation is of critical concern to preservation professionals, which requires an understanding of how the process works, the proper appearance of a laser ablated surface, whether that is a tightly adhered existing coating prepared for re-coating, or to expose some or all of the base metal substrate. Accordingly, both laser operators and inspectors need specific information and training to appropriately use the technology to meet preservation objectives and requirements. These needs will be addressed through a forthcoming AMPP Laser Ablation Standard, Technical Guide, and Visual Guide. Determining where to apply PLA based on extensive test data currently available, as well as understanding where future investigation is required, will be summarized.

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Implementation of Strong Acid and CO2 Corrosion in CFD Software

Product Number: 51324-21225-SG

Author: Adam Cutright; Payman Sharifi; Srdjan Nesic; Bruce Brown; Muhammad Sami

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

To properly understand the necessary steps in implementing corrosion modeling into existing CFD software, it is necessary to verify the accuracy of the corrosion predictions made by the software. To do this, simulations are created that replicate experimental work performed in well understood geometries. The corrosion models are implemented in these simulations, and the resulting corrosion rates, as well as hydrodynamic and mass transfer characterizations, are compared to results from the experimental work. Presented herein is work investigating corrosion phenomena in a thin channel flow cell apparatus, as well as single phase straight pipe flow. In both geometries hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and electrochemistry have been simulated at a variety of conditions; the accuracy of the results were confirmed through comparison with experimental data and well tested correlations. Both geometries showed a high degree of agreement between the simulations and the experimental work, indicating that the methodology is viable to be used in other geometries.

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Implication Of Fractographic Analysis Of The In-Service Leak In An Above Ground Pipeline — Potential Role Of Hydrogen

Product Number: 51322-18022-SG

Author: Noelle Easter C. Co, Ming Gao, Ravi M. Krishnamurthy, Satya Kompally, Thomas Coates

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Fracture surface morphology is useful in determining the mechanisms involved in cracking. Features in the fracture surface of steel like micro-void coalescence or dimples are often related to ductile crack mode, while features like cleavage, and rock-candy showing grain boundary cracking are commonly related to brittle crack mode. Some fracture surface may have a predominant feature, while others may have presence of mixed features. Types of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are commonly identified by the features present in the fracture surface. Features showing transgranular quasi-cleavage cracking are often related to near-neutral pH SCC, while features that show rock-candy intergranular cracking are often related to high-pH SCC [1].

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance