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Using Flexible Steel Pipe to Rehabilitate Aging Pipelines

Product Number: 51323-19013-SG

Author: David Gregory, Shawn Poworoznik

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper highlights a successful rehabilitation of a regulated steel line with flexible steel pipe. The pipeline resides under jurisdiction and was approved by both state and federal pipeline safety administrations. Upon completion, the rehabilitated system restored transmission while also reducing overall operating risk. Use of the flexible steel pipe allowed the operator to utilize a dual-containment design while also implementing real-time continuous annulus monitoring on multiple interfaces, effectively reducing risk to environment and local residents.

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Using Galvanic Modeling and Aerosol Spray Testing to Understand How Changes in Salt Loading Can Impact Atmospheric Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-18961-SG

Author: Thomas Curtin, Robert Adey, Andres Peratta, Ryan Butchers, Fritz Friedersdorf, Liam Agnew

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion is not just a sustainment concern that impacts the availability and safety of critical structural assets; it is also a damage mechanism that should be considered during the initial design phase. By considering the corrosion process and associated preventive strategies during the design phase it is possible to reduce total ownership cost and improve equipment readiness. The Department of Defense spends more than $23 billion each year to control corrosion on aircraft and other equipment in its operations around the world.

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Using Guided Waves Testing (GWT) for the Integrity Inspection of Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20599-SG

Author: Osvaldo Mejia; Ayoub Al Mahrami

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Since its commercial launching, guided wave testing (GWT), a.k.a. long-range ultrasonic testing (LRUT), has been largely applied in the oil and gas industry for the inspection of pipelines, due to its faculty for screening large lengths of pipeline from a single point of contact. This capability has made the GWT one of the “other technologies” most employed in the integrity inspection of pipelines; however, regardless of its broad usage, industry standards guiding the integrity management of pipelines do not provide a clear framework for the use of GWT, neither do they agree on the role that it plays in the integrity assessment process. For example, some standards classify the GWT as a standalone corrosion integrity assessment method, while others reference it as an inspection technique, and others allocate it as a corrosion monitoring technique. This paper makes a comprehensive review of the involvement of the GWT in the pipeline’s integrity management process and intends to provide a clear framework for the use of guided wave testing (GWT) as an integrity inspection method for pipelines.

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Using Long-Term Performance Data for Design of Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems

Product Number: 51323-19093-SG

Author: David Whitmore, David Simpson, George Sergi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Galvanic anodes have been used to provide various levels of corrosion protection to reinforced concrete structures for many years.

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Using Machine Learning to Assess Internal Corrosion Constituent Thresholds

Product Number: 51324-20677-SG

Author: Nicole Moore; Christopher Taylor; Christopher Kagarise; John Cotti

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Natural gas pipeline operators often rely on gas and liquid sample analysis as well as bacteria serial dilution to determine if corrosive conditions exist within the pipeline. When corrosive conditions are suspected, additional monitoring methods such as corrosion coupons or probes are employed. One of the challenges faced by operators is determining what constitutes “corrosive conditions” because existing regulations do not define gas or liquid compositions that are corrosive. In this study, over a decade’s worth of sampling and corrosion monitoring data collected by a natural gas pipeline operator are assessed using machine learning in order to determine the parameters with the greatest influence on corrosion rate. This work combines over 2,300 gas tests, liquid samples, solid samples, and bacteria tests in an attempt to determine if the thresholds the company is using are reflective of where corrosion is actually occurring based on over 1,700 coupon analysis results within an operator’s unique system. The results from this study can be used to guide future sampling practices so that effort is spent collecting the most meaningful data and improving the ability to identify corrosive conditions.

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Using the German Test Method TL 8135-002 for Multi-Metal Application: Non-Ferrous Alloys

Product Number: 51324-20795-SG

Author: Jonathan Brekan; Kristi Lanzo

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) packaging has wide acceptance in the logistics world as an effective means for the protection of metal fabricated parts during shipping and storage. The utilization of VCI packaging for metals other than steel is still a challenge. Customers are reliant on packaging suppliers to provide them with a technical solution to their unique parts yet there are no standard test methods to prove that their offering is going to work for their alloy or part. This paper discusses the application of the well-understood, TL8135-002 Vapor Inhibiting Ability (VIA) test on a variety of non-steel specimens, including copper, brass, zinc, and aluminum.

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Utilizing 3D Printing in Oil and Gas Applications

Product Number: MECC23-19931-SG

Author: Joao A. Tavares; Faisal M. Alshammari

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

3D Printing revolutionizes the production of engineered parts, enabling manufacturers and Oil & Gas plant owners to prototype or replace any part, regardless of geometrical complexity. The disruptive nature of this technology impacts most industries today, from medical equipment manufacturers to Oil & Gas companies, allowing for logistical flexibility and full independence in the manufacturing of components that will allow the repair of existing assets and re-commissioning of obsolete equipment.

For any company, becoming independent from a supply chain grants a unique strategic position that allows for better prediction and control of product output.

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Utilizing Corrosion Damage Morphology As An Indicator Of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) In Oilfield Waters

Product Number: 51322-17687-SG

Author: Moavin Islam

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a major concern in process industries, particularly in the Oil and Gas sector. It is estimated that 25-30% of corrosion related failures in pipelines and industrial equipment can be attributed to MIC. The cost of metallic corrosion has been estimated to range between 2-3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in developed countries and MIC certainly accounts for a significant fraction of the total cost of corrosion amounting to billions of dollars due to unexpected shutdowns, equipment replacement, mitigation strategies, etc.

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Utilizing Sustainability ScoreCards to Quantitatively Analyze the Sustainability Impact of Applied Linings Systems

Product Number: 51324-21040-SG

Author: Matthew Fletcher

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sustainability ScoreCards have been developed to allow the sustainability impact of paints to be easily assessed by the paint industry. The paper introduces sustainability ScoreCards to demonstrate the reasoning between the different data that has been included and the benefits that ScoreCards can offer the paint industry. The data includes embodied CO2e, embodied water, CO2e downstream, lining consumption, durability, product hazard, chemical safety, and VOC content. The usefulness of the information this data provides will be reviewed, along with how the ScoreCards can be used to benchmark the sustainability of different systems allowing a quantified sustainability decision to be made. Using a paint system approach, calculated by area, gives improved insight to the applied system, and makes it easier to use in the paint industry, compared to individual product declarations based on weight of products. ScoreCards are also significantly quicker and cheaper to produce than EPDs, making them a more realistic document to produce for a paint company that may have hundreds of different paints that can result in thousands of different system permeations.

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UV-Curable Organic Coating for Corrosion Protection of Inner Surfaces of Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-21025-SG

Author: Alessandro Condini; Angela Giuliani; Carlo Trentalange; Stefano Rossi

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This study investigates using a novel solvent-free, UV LED-curable coating as a robust corrosion protection solution for the inner surface of steel pipelines. The properties of the UV-cured film were characterized in terms of reactivity, thermomechanical properties, and adhesion to metal substrates. The coating was then applied on the inside of steel pipelines and cured using a patented UV LED lamp specifically designed to fit in confined spaces. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization and accelerated cyclic electrochemical technique (ACET) were performed on the coated pipes to study the corrosion protection properties of the coating, both with and without the addition of inorganic fillers. The results were compared to a commercially available thermally cured coating. It was found that the UV-cured coating confers high barrier properties, effectively preventing liquid penetration even under elevated temperature conditions. Furthermore, the corrosion protection performance in harsh environments was comparable to and, in some cases, higher than standard epoxy linings.

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Validating a Galvanic Corrosion Model under a Dynamic Electrolyte Droplet

Product Number: 51323-19015-SG

Author: R. Montoya, J.M. Vega-Vega, A. Ruiz-García, E. García-Lecina, J. Genesca

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

As previously reported, the gap between electrochemical measurements for systems under bulk conditions and those under thin film layers of electrolyte is still important. Under thin film layers, it is not straightforward to take advantage of the typical three-electrode cell to electrochemically characterize a metallic surface under corrosion. Only a few localized electrochemical techniques are able to achieve measurements under thin films of moisture. It is important to bear in mind that the mechanism for corrosion under thin films is fully different from corrosion on bulk electrolytes and it is not valid to predict the behavior of the former system by extrapolating the latter.

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Validating Digital Twin Model of a Complex Pipeline System

Product Number: 51323-18958-SG

Author: Keith Parker, Christophe Baete, Trey Johnston

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Historically the corrosion condition and cathodic protection (CP) effectiveness of pipeline networks have been monitored by over-the-line surveys. Pipe-to-soil potentials and rectifier outputs are the major parameters measured, and for some pipelines a more intensive close interval survey is executed. Today test stations and more frequently rectifiers are equipped with remote monitoring devices which is shifting the industry towards the world of digitization. Unfortunately, external corrosion is still not fully under control.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance