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Picture for Understanding the Effect of Water Chemistry and Surface Grinding on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation of Filler Metal 82

Understanding the Effect of Water Chemistry and Surface Grinding on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation of Filler Metal 82

Product Number: ED22-17143-SG
Author: N.SUPORNPAIBUL, M.G. BURKE, J. DUFF, F. SCENINI, Y.WANG
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

SCC of Ni-base filler metal (FM) 82 has been reported in the nozzles and other components in Light Water Reactors (LWRs). The typical characteristics of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ni-base alloys are a long incubation time followed by slow propagation, which can suddenly transition to fast propagation. Whilst there has been considerable effort expended to develop an SCC mechanism that can explain and predict SCC in Alloy 600, fewer studies have investigated SCC of FM 82. The Preferential Intergranular Oxidation (PIO) SCC mechanism of Alloy 600 proposed by Bertali et al.  which is an evolution of the Selective Internal Oxidation SCC mechanism proposed by Scott and Le Calvar is considered one of the most representative primary water SCC mechanisms for Alloy 600.
Picture for Understanding The Effects of Test Solution Chemistry on Sour Service Testing at a pH Range Relevant to Flexible Pipe in Oil and Gas Applications
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Understanding The Effects of Test Solution Chemistry on Sour Service Testing at a pH Range Relevant to Flexible Pipe in Oil and Gas Applications

Product Number: 51323-19055-SG
Author: R. Yazdi, M. Haahr, J. B. Jakobsen, L. Korcakova, S. Sondergaard, J. Gudme
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Fossil fuel is still the main source of energy, despite ongoing attempts to replace it with renewable sources. Nowadays, the easily accessible fossil energy is depleting significantly onshore; and since the need for this source of energy remains, the extraction of oil and gas from subsea is increasing. Unbounded flexible pipes are largely employed for extracting oil and gas from subsea fields as well as for CO2 reinjection into the oil wells to enhance their efficiency.
Picture for Understanding The Effects Of Zn Injection And OLNC-Treatment On 316 Stainless Steel Oxide Under Simulated BWR Conditions
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Understanding The Effects Of Zn Injection And OLNC-Treatment On 316 Stainless Steel Oxide Under Simulated BWR Conditions

Product Number: ED22-17227-SG
Author: Dora Capone, Liberato Volpe, Ben F. Spencer, Tsuyoshi Ito, Jonathan Duff, Tsuyoshi Ito, M. Grace Burke, Yoichi Wada, Fabio Scenini, Makoto Nagase
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Austenitic stainless-steel alloys are widely used as structural components in light water reactors (LWR) coolant systems, due to their passivity in high temperature water solutions. After initial passivation, subsequent development and dissolution rates of the protective film are very low. Nevertheless, metal cations and colloidal particles that are generated by superficial corrosion of structural materials, can be activated and generate radioactive isotopes that are responsible for radiation source as they circulate through the reactor core. Specifically, the radioactive 60Co, generated by neutron activation of the inactive 59Co (constituent of the naturally occurring Co), releases high-energy γ rays with a half-life of 5.3 years and is the main radiation source in boiling water reactor plants. Mitigating the incorporation of 60Co into stainless-steel oxide depends on understanding the phenomenon of oxide growth and development as a
function of the water chemistry employed, which involves thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.
Picture for Understanding the False Positive of Modified Martensitic Steels in Sweet & Sour Service Conditions using a Point Defect Model Perspective
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Understanding the False Positive of Modified Martensitic Steels in Sweet & Sour Service Conditions using a Point Defect Model Perspective

Product Number: 51323-18901-SG
Author: Alan Martinez, Raymundo Case, Yuan Ding, Homero Castaneda, Jolly Bhadra, Noora Al-Thani, Aboubakr Abdullah, Ahmed Bahgat, Abdraman Moussa, Noora Al-Qahtani, Muhsen El Haddad
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Modified 13Cr (UNS S41426) (M13Cr) are advantageous as components for wellbores in oil and gas upstream units due to their high strength capabilities and tremendous corrosion resistance in sweet environments with minimal H2S levels. However, previous studies speculate disparities between an overestimation in the application limits for the 110 ksi grade material. Previous experimental results associate this to microstructural differences from varying heat treatments. The proprietary procedures used to manufacture, emphasize a lack of quality control among suppliers.
Picture for Understanding the Influence of Surface Condition on the Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of SLM718
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Understanding the Influence of Surface Condition on the Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of SLM718

Product Number: 51324-21234-SG
Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper; Nils Holzapfel; Wei Chen; Juan Carlos Flores
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a widely used additive manufacturing (AM) process, also for producing components using precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy 718 (UNS N07718). SLM has been largely accepted into many industries including oil and gas (O&G) with current research efforts focused on demonstrating materials performance in demanding applications including directional drilling and reservoir characterization tools. A broader applicability of additively manufactured UNS N07718 in such applications is currently conditioned by characterization efforts limited to corrosion testing on machined surfaces, which are not representative of the surface resulting from SLM process. The lack of understanding regarding the influence of as-printed surface conditions for UNS N07718 produced via SLM on fatigue and corrosion fatigue limits its applicability to the machined surface condition, thus negating benefits gained during the manufacturing process. In this research work, the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior of additively manufactured UNS N07718 in as-printed conditions was investigated. Besides fatigue in air at ambient temperature, corrosion fatigue of SLM718 was tested in alkaline 5 M chloride-containing brines at 125 °C to simulate a typical drilling environment. Experimental results have shown that as-printed surfaces of SLM718 are significantly more prone to fatigue and corrosion fatigue compared to machined surfaces. Besides increased surface roughness the presence of near-surface defects typical of AM can be seen as the reason for the observed fatigue behavior.
Picture for Understanding The Usefulness of German Test Method TL 8135-002 For Various Steel Alloys
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Understanding The Usefulness of German Test Method TL 8135-002 For Various Steel Alloys

Product Number: 51323-19169-SG
Author: Jonathan Brekan, Nicholas Smith, Kristi Lanzo
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The utilization of volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) in dry packaging scenarios have become ubiquitous throughout industry for the protection of metal parts during shipping and storage. Initial protective packaging applications of VCIs involved coated paper which was used to wrap or interleave metal parts for transportation and/or storage. This type of wrapping evolved into film packaging where the inhibitors were extruded into film.
Picture for Unexpected Consequence of Biocide Addition on Corrosion
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Unexpected Consequence of Biocide Addition on Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-19326-SG
Author: Susmitha Purnima Kotu, Christopher Kagarise
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is recognized as a significant corrosion threat to oil and gas pipelines. Biocides are commonly applied as a means of killing microorganisms with the goal of reducing both microbial concentrations and corrosion rates. Laboratory experiments are typically used in selecting an effective biocide prior to application to a pipeline system.
Picture for Uniform Corrosion Characterization of UNS N08935
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Uniform Corrosion Characterization of UNS N08935

Product Number: 51323-19294-SG
Author: Björn Helmersson, Marie Almén
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Highly alloyed stainless steels and Ni-based alloys may be used in a wide range of different chemical environments. By investigating how different alloys are affected by environmental changes – be it chemical composition, temperature, contaminants or others – it is possible to learn more about how material selection can be optimized to improve both cost efficiency and longevity of a system.


UNS N08935 is a highly alloyed austenitic material in the borderland between stainless steels and Ni-based alloys
Picture for Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 1 - Fundamental Theory and Modelling of Single and Multi-component Surfactant Distribution Responses
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Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 1 - Fundamental Theory and Modelling of Single and Multi-component Surfactant Distribution Responses

Product Number: 51324-20882-SG
Author: Richard Barker; Joshua Owen; Richard C. Woollam; William H. Durnie; Mariana C. Folena
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The application of corrosion inhibitors are fundamental to the safe and reliable operation of carbon steel infrastructure, presenting one of the most cost effective methods of internal pipeline corrosion control when deployed correctly. Despite decades of application in the oil and gas industry, a number of gaps remain in relation to our fundamental understanding of the performance of inhibitors. This is particularly true in the context of partitioning, and more so when the system under consideration comprises multiple surfactants. Part 1 of this two-part paper provides a detailed insight into the fundamentals of surfactant partitioning. Initially, the role of micellization in influencing single surfactant partitioning/distribution behavior between oil and brine is discussed, providing theoretical explanations for single surfactant system responses. The complexity of the systems examined increases with consideration extending to multi-surfactant environments, accompanied by discussion of idealized theoretical behavior. Subsequently, an idealized model to predict multi-component distribution responses between oil and brine is presented. To explore the model’s capabilities, experimental partitioning and micellization data collected from previous studies for two benzyl ammonium chloride corrosion inhibitors (BAC-C12 and BAC-C16) is integrated into the model. Such integration permits investigation into the effect of surfactant concentrations, relative surfactant molar ratios and water cut on partitioning/distribution behavior.
Picture for Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 2 - Experimental Study of Multi-Component Surfactant Partitioning Responses and Their Influence on Inhibition Performance
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Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 2 - Experimental Study of Multi-Component Surfactant Partitioning Responses and Their Influence on Inhibition Performance

Product Number: 51324-20883-SG
Author: Richard Barker; Joshua Owen; Raeesa Bhamji; Jeanine Williams; Amber Sykes
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In Part 1 of this two-part paper, a predictive model for multi-component partitioning was developed based on knowledge of individual component micellization and partitioning characteristics. In Part 2, the model’s validity is assessed through comparison with experimental partitioning data for an 1 wt.% NaCl brine:toluene system containing mixtures of two benzylammonium chloride corrosion inhibitors (BAC-C12 and BAC-C16). Following model validation, the implications of the experimental partitioning behavior on corrosion inhibition performance are examined via rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) experiments. Through selected experiments, the important role of each of the two surfactants and their relative molar concentration in influencing overall corrosion inhibition performance is examined. While BAC-C12 exhibited poor inhibition in isolation, when combined with BAC-C16 at specific molar ratios, BAC-C12 played a crucial role in retaining the longer chain surfactant in the aqueous phase. This response enabled BAC-C16 (the more effective surfactant corrosion inhibitor) to work synergistically with BAC-C12 to suppress carbon steel corrosion more effectively than the two components alone under these particular conditions.
Picture for Unsaturated Polyester Coatings Curing Kinetics. How to Ensure High Production Efficiency for Offshore Wind Foundation
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Unsaturated Polyester Coatings Curing Kinetics. How to Ensure High Production Efficiency for Offshore Wind Foundation

Product Number: 51324-20934-SG
Author: Jing Jin; Anders W. B. Skilbred; Saad Sheikh Karvonen
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Large scale offshore wind farms are being planned globally and there is a general trend that the size of wind farms, with the installed wind turbines in each farm is becoming greater in number. High build-high solid protective coating is a robust solution to offshore structures splash zone anti-corrosive protection. The importance of coating thickness building-up during application is vital to secure the long-term protection. Furthermore, to have an efficient manufacturing process, application and curing speed is also becoming critical. In this regard, unsaturated polyester coating with outstanding application and turn-over efficiency delivers extra value to both customer and applicator, where the cost of coating, time, and application resources are extremely important. In this work, curing kinetics of unsaturated polyester coating is studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Rheometer to evaluate consuming rate of reaction and the cross-linking. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis is utilized to study the glass transition temperature, also to align the storage modulus and hardness development in dry film. In doing so, we have carried out both microscopic and macroscopic mechanical analysis to eventually explain how and why unsaturated polyester coating delivers unique value to faster manufacturing for offshore windmill monopile industry. Knowledge gained in this study is beneficial for the fast-growing offshore wind and sustainability.
Picture for Unveiling the Mechanical Feasibility of Glass Reinforced Plastic for Post Combustion CO2 Capture Amine Service: A Thorough Examination
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Unveiling the Mechanical Feasibility of Glass Reinforced Plastic for Post Combustion CO2 Capture Amine Service: A Thorough Examination

Product Number: 51324-20710-SG
Author: Arun Kumar Sharma; Sukanta Ghosh; Rajiv Srinivasan; Anupom Sabhapondit; Karl Stephenne
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Mitigating global warming and reducing CO2 emissions from the environment necessitates the implementation of carbon capture, sequestration, and storage (CCS) as an immediate and feasible solution. Amines are widely employed to capture CO2 gas from industrial exhaust streams. To enhance the cost-effectiveness of amine services, the incorporation of glass-reinforced plastic material holds immense potential for substantial cost benefits. The primary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of utilizing glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) as a construction material for vessels, piping, and ducting in the cold section of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. The research examined the potential of completely replacing metallic equipment and piping (such as carbon steel (CS), stainless steel (SS) or SS cladded CS) with GRP materials. The investigation revealed that complete substitution of GRP for certain CO2 service components, including the scrubber, pre-scrubber, tanks, piping, and ducting, may be feasible under specific process conditions. These process conditions encompassed temperatures below 100°C, pressures below 10 bar for piping, and pressures below 0.2 bar for the remaining components. Two fabrication methods, filament winding and contact molding, were employed throughout the design calculations and utilizing corresponding material properties. A chemical compatibility study by Shell, presented at the 2023 AMPP conference and expo (Paper # AMPP-2023-18832), confirmed that the selected resins used to prepare the GRP material are chemically compatible with the commercial amine formulation used for CO2 capturing at the same application limit identified for the present work. The study unequivocally confirmed that glass-reinforced plastic can be incorporated with confidence, adhering to the safety limits prescribed by international standards. This resounding validation strengthens the viability and applicability of GRP in the given context, bolstering its position as a reliable and suitable construction material.
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